Comparison of Responsive Feeding Practices in Child Care and Home Environments in Nova Scotia

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
25 August 2022

Abstract

Purpose: The values, beliefs and practices between the family home and child care environment can play a role in shaping a responsive food environment for young children, but few studies have explored the differences across these settings. The purpose of this study was to compare responsive feeding practices in child care and home environments through the framework of the 2019 Canada Food Guide healthy eating recommendations.
Methods: Nova Scotia families and child care providers completed an online survey on responsive feeding. Independent-samples t-tests explored the differences between family and child care respondents on variables related to the 2019 Canada’s Food Guide, including: food variety, mindfulness, eating with others, cooking more often, and enjoyment of food. A directed content analysis was used to code the open-ended qualitative questions.
Results: Family respondents (n = 603) were more likely to report offering a variety of foods, repeated exposures to new foods, and asking children about fullness. Child care respondents (n = 253) were more likely to sit with children during meals and less likely to encourage children to finish their food.
Conclusions: The results identify potential points of intervention, including the importance of increasing communication to ensure mutually supportive messages and environments for healthy eating.

Résumé

Objectif. Les valeurs, croyances et pratiques adoptées à la maison et au service de garde peuvent contribuer à créer un environnement alimentaire sensible aux besoins des jeunes enfants, mais peu d’études ont exploré les différences entre ces deux milieux. L’objectif de cette étude était de comparer les pratiques alimentaires sensibles aux besoins des jeunes enfants adoptées au service de garde et à la maison sur la base des recommandations en matière de saine alimentation du Guide alimentaire canadien de 2019.
Méthodes. Des familles et services de garde de la Nouvelle-Écosse ont répondu à un sondage en ligne sur l’alimentation sensible aux besoins des enfants. Des tests t à échantillons indépendants ont permis d’explorer les différences entre les répondants des familles et des services de garde quant aux variables liées au Guide alimentaire canadien de 2019 : savourez une variété d’aliments, prenez conscience de vos habitudes alimentaires, prenez vos repas en bonne compagnie, cuisinez plus souvent et savourez vos aliments. Les questions qualitatives ouvertes ont été codées au moyen d’une analyse de contenu dirigée.
Résultats. Les répondants des familles (n = 603) étaient plus susceptibles de déclarer offrir une variété d’aliments, d’exposer souvent les enfants à de nouveaux aliments et de leur demander s’ils étaient rassasiés. Les répondants des services de garde (n = 253) étaient plus susceptibles de s’asseoir avec les enfants pendant les repas et moins portés à les encourager à vider leur assiette.
Conclusions. Les résultats mettent en lumière des points d’intervention potentiels, notamment l’importance d’accroître la communication pour veiller à ce que les messages et les environnements favorisent mutuellement une alimentation saine.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

1
Black MM and Aboud FE. Responsive feeding is embedded in a theoretical framework of responsive parenting. J Nutr. 2011 Mar 1;141(3):490–4.
2
Health Canada. Nutrition for healthy term infants: recommendations from six to 24 months [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2019 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canada-food-guide/resources/infant-feeding/nutrition-healthy-term-infants-recommendations-birth-six-months/6-24-months.html.
3
DiSantis KI, Hodges EA, Johnson SL, and Fisher JO. The role of responsive feeding in overweight during infancy and toddlerhood: a systematic review. Int J Obes. 2011 Apr;35(4):480–92.
4
Satter E. Eating competence: Definition and evidence for the Satter Eating Competence Model. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007 Sep;39(5, Suppl):S142–53.
5
Draxten M, Fulkerson JA, Friend S, Flattum CF, and Schow R. Parental role modeling of fruits and vegetables at meals and snacks is associated with children’s adequate consumption. Appetite. 2014 Jul;78:1–7.
6
Johnson SL, Ryan SM, Kroehl M, Moding KJ, Boles RE, and Bellows LL. A longitudinal intervention to improve young children’s liking and consumption of new foods: findings from the Colorado LEAP study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019 Jun 3;16(1):1–15.
7
Nekitsing C, Hetherington MM, and Blundell-Birtill P. Developing healthy food preferences in preschool children through taste exposure, sensory learning, and nutrition education. Curr Obes Rep. 2018 Mar 1;7(1):60–7.
8
Nekitsing C, Blundell-Birtill P, Cockroft JE, and Hetherington MM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies to increase vegetable consumption in preschool children aged 2–5 years. Appetite. 2018 Aug 1;127:138–54.
9
Wedde S, Haines J, Ma D, Duncan A, Darlington G. Associations between family meal context and diet quality among preschool-aged children in the Guelph Family Health Study. Can J Diet Pract Res [Internet]. 2019 Sep 12 [cited 2021 Feb 10]; Available from: https://dcjournal.ca/doi/abs/10.3148/cjdpr-2019-022.
10
Verhage CL, Gillebaart M, van der Veek SMC, and Vereijken CMJL. The relation between family meals and health of infants and toddlers: A review. Appetite. 2018 Aug 1;127:97–109.
11
Harbron J, Booley S, Najaar B, and Day CE. Responsive feeding: Establishing healthy eating behaviour early on in life. South Afr J Clin Nutr. 2013 Sep 2;26(Suppl):S141–9.
12
Bentley ME, Wasser HM, and Creed-Kanashiro HM. Responsive feeding and child undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries. J Nutr. 2011 Mar 1;141(3):502–7.
13
Orrell-Valente JK, Hill LG, Brechwald WA, Dodge KA, Pettit GS, and Bates JE. “Just three more bites”: An observational analysis of parents’ socialization of children’s eating at mealtime. Appetite. 2007 Jan;48(1):37–45.
14
Galloway A, Fiorito L, Francis L, and Birch L. “Finish your soup”: Counterproductive effects of pressuring children to eat on intake and affect. Appetite. 2006;46(3):318–23.
15
Bronfenbrenner U. Ecological models of human development. In: International encyclopedia of education. 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier; 1994.
16
Sleddens EFC, Kremers SPJ, Stafleu A, Dagnelie PC, De Vries NK, and Thijs C. Food parenting practices and child dietary behavior. Prospective relations and the moderating role of general parenting. Appetite. 2014 Aug 1;79:42–50. Epub 2014 Apr 13.
17
Sinha M. Child care in Canada [Internet]. Statistics Canada. 2014 [cited 2019 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-652-x/89-652-x2014005-eng.htm.
18
Gubbels JS and Stessen K, Kolk I van de, Vries NK de, Thijs C, Kremers SPJ. Energy balance-related parenting and child-care practices: The importance of meso-system consistency. PLoS One. 2018 Sep 7;13(9):1–16.
19
Gubbels JS, Van Kann DH, de Vries NK, Thijs C, and Kremers SP. The next step in health behavior research: The need for ecological moderation analyses - an application to diet and physical activity at childcare. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014 Apr 17;11(52):1–11.
20
Health Canada. Healthy eating recommendations; 2019 [cited 2019 Mar 7]. Available from: https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/healthy-eating-recommendations/.
21
Tarasuk V, Mitchell A, Dachner N. Household food insecurity in Canada, 2012 [Internet]. Toronto: Research to identify policy options to reduce food insecurity (PROOF); 2014 [cited 2014 May 8]. Available from: http://nutritionalsciences.lamp.utoronto.ca/.
22
Newell FD, Williams PL, and Watt CG. Is the minimum enough? Affordability of a nutritious diet for minimum wage earners in Nova Scotia (2002-2012). Can J Public Health. 2014 May 9;105(3):e158–65.
23
Statistics Canada. Obesity in Canadian adults, 2016 and 2017; 2018 [cited 2020 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2018033-eng.htm.
24
Rossiter M, Mann L, and Kirk S. Food and nutrient intakes of Nova Scotian children in home and child care environments. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2021 Dec 1;82(4):176–182. Epub 2021 Jul 21.
25
Kelly E, Rossiter M, Mann L. Assessment of impact: The standards for food and nutrition in regulated child care settings in Nova Scotia: Nutrition standards in child care project report [Internet]. Mount Saint Vincent University; 2016 Jan. Available from: https://childfoodfutures.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/nsccp-project-report-2016.pdf.
26
Ward DS, Benjamin SE, Ammerman AS, Ball SC, Neelon BH, and Bangdiwala SI. Nutrition and physical activity in child care: Results from an environmental intervention. Am J Prev Med. 2008 Oct 1;35(4):352–6.
27
Benjamin SE, Neelon B, Ball SC, Bangdiwala SI, Ammerman AS, and Ward DS. Reliability and validity of a nutrition and physical activity environmental self-assessment for child care. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007 Jul 5;4(1):29.
28
Hsieh H-F and Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005 Nov 1;15(9):1277–88.
29
Mura Paroche M, Caton SJ, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H, and Houston-Price C. How infants and young children learn about food: A systematic review. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1046.
30
Brewer H and Rieg S. Preschool staff members’ perceptions of the implementation of a grant-funded intervention program designed to combat childhood obesity: A phenomenological approach. Education. 2013;134(2):255–65.
31
Dev DA, Speirs KE, McBride BA, Donovan SM, and Chapman-Novakofski K. Head Start and child care providers’ motivators, barriers and facilitators to practicing family-style meal service. Early Child Res Q. 2014 Dec;29(4):649–59.
32
Goodell LS, Johnson SL, Antono AC, Power TG, and Hughes SO. Strategies low-income parents use to overcome their children’s food refusal. Matern Child Health J. 2017 Jan 1;21(1):68–76.
33
Province of Nova Scotia. Food and nutrition support for regulated child care settings [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2021 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.ednet.ns.ca/earlyyears/providers/FoodandNutritionalSupport.shtml.
34
Harte S, Theobald M, and Trost SG. Culture and community: Observation of mealtime enactment in early childhood education and care settings. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019 Aug 22;16(1):69.
35
Chircop A, Shearer C, Pitter R, Sim M, Rehman L, Flannery M, et al. Privileging physical activity over healthy eating: “Time” to choose? Health Promot Int. 2015 Sep;30(3):418–26.
36
Nutritionally Albon D. ‘empty’ but full of meanings: The socio-cultural significance of birthday cakes in four early childhood settings. J Early Child Res. 2015 Feb 1;13(1):79–92.
37
Ramsay SA, Branen LJ, Fletcher J, Price E, Johnson SL, and Sigman-Grant M. “Are you done?” Child care providers’ verbal communication at mealtimes that reinforce or hinder children’s internal cues of hunger and satiation. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2010 Aug;42(4):265–70.
38
Blissett J. Relationships between parenting style, feeding style and feeding practices and fruit and vegetable consumption in early childhood. Appetite. 2011 Dec;57(3):826–31.
39
Jansen PW, de Barse LM, Jaddoe VWV, Verhulst FC, Franco OH, and Tiemeier H. Bi-directional associations between child fussy eating and parents’ pressure to eat: Who influences whom? Physiol Behav. 2017 Jul 1;176:101–6.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 83Number 4December 2022
Pages: 168 - 174
Editor: Naomi Cahill

History

Received: 7 April 2021
Accepted: 30 March 2022
Version of record online: 25 August 2022

Key Words

  1. responsive feeding
  2. young children
  3. families
  4. child care
  5. feeding practices

Mots-clés

  1. alimentation sensible aux besoins de l’enfant
  2. jeunes enfants
  3. familles
  4. service de garde
  5. pratiques alimentaires

Authors

Affiliations

Jessie-Lee D. Mcisaac PhD
Early Childhood Collaborative Research Centre, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Faculty of Education, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Department of Child and Youth Study, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Brenna Richard MA
Early Childhood Collaborative Research Centre, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Department of Child and Youth Study, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Joan Turner PhD
Early Childhood Collaborative Research Centre, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Department of Child and Youth Study, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Melissa D. Rossiter RD, PhD
Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

There are no citations for this item

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media