Examining Guidelines for School-Based Breakfast Programs in Canada: A Systematic Review of the Grey Literature

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
1 February 2017

Abstract

School breakfast programs are widespread and serve varying objectives regarding youth health promotion. Evidence-based guidelines for breakfast programs may be important in maximizing their effectiveness related to student outcomes, yet it is unclear what is available in Canada. A systematic review was conducted to identify and compare Canadian guidelines related to breakfast programs. Data sources included grey literature databases, customized search engines, targeted websites, and content expert consultations. Eligible guidelines met the following criteria: government and nongovernment sources at the federal and provincial/territorial levels, current version, and intended for program coordinators. Recommendations for program delivery were extracted, categorized, and mapped onto the 4 environments outlined in the ANGELO framework, and they were classified as “common” or “inconsistent” across guidelines. Fifteen sets of guidelines were included. No guidelines were available from federal or territorial governments and 4 provincial governments. There were few references to peer-reviewed literature within the guidelines and despite many common recommendations for program delivery, conflicting recommendations were also identified. Potential barriers to program participation, including a lack of consideration of allergies and other dietary restrictions, were identified. Future research should identify how guidelines are implemented and evaluate what effect their implementation has on program delivery and student outcomes.

Résumé

Les programmes de petits déjeuners à l’école sont répandus et répondent à divers objectifs en matière de promotion de la santé des jeunes. Des directives fondées sur des données probantes pourraient être importantes afin de maximiser l’efficacité des programmes de petits déjeuners auprès des élèves. Or, il est impossible de déterminer avec certitude ce qui est offert au Canada. Une revue systématique a été effectuée pour cibler et comparer les directives canadiennes relatives aux programmes de petits déjeuners. Les sources de données comprenaient les bases de données de littérature grise, les moteurs de recherche personnalisés, les sites Web ciblés et les consultations auprès d’experts en contenu. Les directives admissibles respectaient les critères suivants : sources gouvernementales et non gouvernementales aux paliers fédéral, provincial et territorial, version courante et directives destinées aux coordonnateurs de programmes. Les recommandations pour la mise en œuvre de programmes ont été extraites, catégorisées et cartographiées selon les quatre environnements décrits dans le cadre ANGELO. Elles ont été classées comme « courantes » ou « incohérentes » pour l’ensemble des directives. Quinze ensembles de directives ont été inclus. Le gouvernement fédéral, le gouvernement des territoires et celui de 4 provinces n’offraient aucune directive. Il y avait peu de renvois à la documentation examinée par des pairs dans les directives, et malgré de nombreuses recommandations communes quant à la mise en œuvre de programmes, il y avait également des recommandations contradictoires. Des obstacles potentiels à la participation aux programmes ont été recensés, notamment une absence de prise en compte des allergies et d’autres restrictions alimentaires. Les futures recherches devraient déterminer comment les directives sont mises en œuvre et évaluer les conséquences de leur mise en œuvre sur l’implantation des programmes et les résultats pour les étudiants.

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Financial support: Sources of financial support: S.I. Kirkpatrick is funded by a Capacity Development Award from the Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (grant # 702855). S.T. Leatherdale is a Chair in Applied Public Health Research funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada in partnership with Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

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Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 78Number 2June 2017
Pages: 92 - 100

History

Version of record online: 1 February 2017

Authors

Affiliations

Katelyn M. Godin BSc
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Sharon I. Kirkpatrick PhD
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Rhona M. Hanning PhD
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Jackie Stapleton MLS
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Scott T. Leatherdale PhD
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON

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1. Temporal snacking patterns among Canadian children and adolescents
2. The Impact of Canadian School Food Programs on Children’s Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review

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