Geographic Comparison of Dietary Intake and Quality in Manitoba Adolescents
Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
8 March 2024
Abstract
Purpose: The Food and Nutrition for Manitoba Youth (FANS) study examined dietary intakes, food behaviours, food security status, health indicators, and body mass index of a cohort of grade 9 students. This paper describes regional differences and similarities in dietary intake (food and nutrients) and quality of youth participants in the FANS study.
Methods: Grade 9 students completed a web-based survey on dietary intakes (24-hour recall), food behaviours, self-reported health indicators, and sociodemographic variables. Nutrient intakes were compared with national guidelines and diet quality was assessed using a modified Healthy Eating Index.
Results: A total of 1587 students participated from northern, rural, and urban regions in Manitoba. Northern and rural students had higher intakes of sugar, sodium, and saturated fat compared with urban. Northern students consumed fewer grain products compared to urban, and more servings of “other” foods compared with rural and urban. While most participants were classified into the “needs improvement” or “poor” Healthy Eating Index categories, significantly more northern participants were in the “poor” category.
Conclusions: Most adolescents in the study are at nutritional risk; however, there are additional vulnerabilities for those in rural and northern communities. Dietitians can use results to advocate for and plan interventions to improve adolescent nutrition.
Résumé
Objectif. L’étude FANS (Food and Nutrition Security for Manitoba Youth) a examiné les apports alimentaires, les comportements alimentaires, la situation en matière de sécurité alimentaire, des indicateurs de santé et l’indice de masse corporelle d’une cohorte d’élèves de 9e année. Cet article décrit les différences et les similitudes régionales quant à l’apport alimentaire (aliments et nutriments) et à la qualité dans le cadre de l’étude FANS.
Méthodes. Des élèves de 9e année ont répondu à un sondage Web sur les apports alimentaires (rappel de 24 heures), les comportements alimentaires, des indicateurs de santé autodéclarés et des variables sociodémographiques. Les apports en nutriments ont été comparés aux lignes directrices nationales, et la qualité de l’alimentation a été évaluée à l’aide d’un Indice de saine alimentation modifié.
Résultats. Au total, 1587 élèves provenant de régions nordiques, rurales et urbaines du Manitoba ont participé à l’étude. Les élèves des régions nordiques et rurales avaient un apport plus élevé en sucre, en sodium et en gras saturés que ceux des régions urbaines. Les élèves des régions nordiques consommaient moins de produits céréaliers que ceux des régions urbaines et plus de portions d’« autres » aliments que ceux des régions rurales et urbaines. Bien que la plupart des participants aient été classés dans les catégories « à améliorer » ou « mauvais » de l’Indice de saine alimentation, beaucoup plus de participants nordiques ont été classés dans la catégorie « mauvais ».
Conclusions. La plupart des adolescents de l’étude présentent un risque nutritionnel; toutefois, ceux des communautés rurales et nordiques montrent des vulnérabilités supplémentaires. Les diététistes peuvent utiliser ces résultats pour demander et planifier des interventions visant à améliorer la nutrition des adolescents.
Formats available
You can view the full content in the following formats:
Source of financial support: This study was funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), FRN-156400, which played no other role in this study.
REFERENCES
1
Norris SA, Frongillo EA, Black MM, Dong Y, Fall C, Lampl M, et al. Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. Lancet. 2022 Jan;399(10320):172–184.
2
Das JK, Salam RA, Thornburg KL, Prentice AM, Campisi S, Lassi ZS, et al. Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017 Apr;1393(1):21–33.
3
Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, and Agostoni C. Factors influencing children’s eating behaviours. Nutrients. 2018 May;10(6):706.
4
Wendimu MA, Desmarais AA, and Martens TR. Access and affordability of “healthy” foods in northern Manitoba? The need for Indigenous food sovereignty. Canadian Food Studies/La Revue canadienne des études sur l’alimentation. 2018 May;5(2):44–72.
5
Hamidi S. Urban sprawl and the emergence of food deserts in the USA. Urban Stud. 2020 Jun;57(8):1660–75.
6
Tarasuk V, Fafard St-Germain AA, and Mitchell A. Geographic and socio-demographic predictors of household food insecurity in Canada, 2011–12. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec;19(1):1–2.
7
Polsky JY, Garriguet D. Change in Vegetable and Fruit Consumption in Canada between 2004 and 2015. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from:
8
Hack S, Jessri M, and L’Abbé MR. Nutritional quality of the food choices of Canadian children. BMC Nutr. 2021 Dec;7(1):1–10.
9
Jessri M, Nishi SK, and L’Abbe MR. Assessing the nutritional quality of diets of Canadian children and adolescents using the 2014 Health Canada Surveillance Tool Tier System. BMC Public Health. 2016 Dec;16(1):1–4.
10
Setayeshgar S, Ekwaru JP, Maximova K, Majumdar SR, Storey KE, McGavock J, et al. Dietary intake and prospective changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(1):39–45.
11
Statistics Canada. Body mass index, overweight or obese, self reported, youth (12 to 17 years old). Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310009621
12
Rodrigues PR, Luiz RR, Monteiro LS, Ferreira MG, Gonçalves-Silva RM, and Pereira RA. Adolescents’ unhealthy eating habits are associated with meal skipping. Nutrition. 2017 Oct;42:114–20.
13
Robson SM, McCullough MB, Rex S, Munafò MR, and Taylor G. Family meal frequency, diet, and family functioning: a systematic review with meta-analyses. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2020 May;52(5):553–64.
14
Black JL and Billette JM. Fast food intake in Canada: Differences among Canadians with diverse demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics. Can J Public Health. 2015 Jan;106(2):e52–8.
15
The World Bank. Population Density (people per sq. km of land area). World Bank Group; 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 18]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?view=chart
16
Statistics Canada. Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2016 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=703&SR=1&S=54&O=A&RPP=25
17
Bollman RD, Ashton W. Rural Population Size and Change. Brandon University Rural Development Institute; 2014 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.brandonu.ca/rdi/files/2014/09/Rural-Population-Size-and-Change.pdf
18
Rao DP, Kropac E, Do MT, Roberts KC, and Jayaraman GC. Childhood overweight and obesity trends in Canada. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2016 Sep;36(9):194–8. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/aspc-phac/HP33-2-36-9-eng.pdf
19
Canadian Population Health Initiative. How Healthy are Rural Canadians? An Assessment of Their Health Status and Health Determinants. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2006 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/rural_canadians_2006_report_e.pdf
20
Tarasuk V, Mitchell A, Dachner N. Household Food Insecurity in Canada 2014. Toronto: PROOF Food Insecurity Policy Research; 2016 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://proof.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Household-Food-Insecurity-in-Canada-2014.pdf
21
Guo Y, Berrang-Ford L, Ford J, Lardeau MP, Edge V, Patterson K, et al. Seasonal prevalence and determinants of food insecurity in Iqaluit, Nunavut. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2015 Jan;74(1):27284.
22
McIsaac JLD, Spencer R, Chiasson K, Kontak J, and Kirk SFL. Factors Influencing the Implementation of Nutrition Policies in Schools: A Scoping Review. Health Educ Behav. 2019 Apr;46:224–250.
23
DuBreck CM, Sadler RC, Arku G, and Gilliland JA. Examining community and consumer food environments for children: An urban-suburban-rural comparison in Southwestern Ontario. Soc Sci Med. 2018 Jul;209:33–42.
24
Health Canada. Reference Guide to Understanding and Using the Data. 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey – Nutrition. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2017 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-nutrition-surveillance/health-nutrition-surveys/canadian-community-health-survey-cchs/reference-guide-understanding-using-data-2015.html#a1.2.4.9
25
Slater J, Pilli B, Hinds A, Katz A, Urquia ML, Sanguins J, et al. The Food and Nutrition Security for Manitoba Youth (FANS) study: rationale, methods, dietary intakes and body mass index. BMC Nutr. 2022 Oct 20;8(1):116.
26
Fransoo R, Mahar A, Anderson A, Prior H, Koseva I, McCulloch S, et al. The 2019 RHA Indicators Atlas. Winnipeg: Manitoba Centre for Health Policy; 2019. Available from: http://mchp-appserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca/reference/RHA_Report_web.pdf
27
Hanning RM, Royall D, Toews JE, Blashill L, Wegener J, and Driezen P. Web-based food behaviour questionnaire: validation with grades six to eight students. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2009 Dec;70(4):172–8.
28
Health Canada. Canadian Nutrient File (CNF). Ottawa: Health Canada; 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://food-nutrition.canada.ca/cnf-fce/index-eng.jsp
29
Government of Canada. Dietary Reference Intakes. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/dietary-reference-intakes.html
30
Health Canada. Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide 2007. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2007 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canada-food-guide/about/history-food-guide/eating-well-with-canada-food-guide-2007.html
31
Wadsworth LA, McHugh TL, Thompson AM, Campagna PD, Durant MA, Murphy RJ, et al. Dietary intake of Nova Scotia youth: in grades 7 and 11. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2012 Mar;73(1):14–20.
32
Garriguet D. Diet Quality in Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2009 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2009003/article/10914-eng.pdf
33
Health Canada. Canada’s Food Guide: Canada’s Dietary Guidelines. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2019 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/guidelines/
34
Woodruff SJ and Hanning RM. Development and implications of a revised Canadian Healthy Eating Index (HEIC-2009). Public Health Nutr. 2010 Jun;13(6):820–5.
35
Vatanparast H, Islam N, and Shafiee M. Consumption of Milk and alternatives decreased among Canadians from 2004 to 2015: evidence from the Canadian community health surveys. BMC Nutr. 2021Nov;7(63):1–14.
36
Health Canada. What about Sun Exposure? Ottawa: Health Canada; 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/vitamins-minerals/vitamin-calcium-updated-dietary-reference-intakes-nutrition.html#a12
37
Calvo MS and Whiting SJ. Survey of current vitamin D food fortification practices in the United States and Canada. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Jul;136(2013):211–213.
38
Southern Health. Southern Health-Santé Sud Community Health Assessment 2019. Manitoba: Southern Health; 2019 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.southernhealth.ca/assets/AnnualReports/SH-SS-2019-Community-Health-Assessement_Final.pdf
39
Minaker L and Hammond D. Low Frequency of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Canadian Youth: Findings From the 2012/2013 Youth Smoking Survey. J Sch Health. 2016 Jan;86(2):135–142.
40
Slater J, Pilli B, Hinds A, Katz A, Urquia ML, Sanguins J, et al. Food behaviours and health indicators in Manitoba adolescents and relation to the Healthy Eating Index. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 21;20(3):2007.
41
Northern Food Prices Project Steering Committee. Northern Food Prices Report 2003: Exploring strategies to reduce the high cost of food in northern Manitoba. Government of Manitoba; 2003 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.gov.mb.ca/inr/food_prices/pubs/2003_northern_food_prices_report.pdf
42
Domingo A, Spiegel J, Guhn M, Wittman H, Ing A, Sadik T, et al. Predictors of household food insecurity and relationship with obesity in First Nations communities in British Columbia, Manitoba, Alberta and Ontario. Public Health Nutr. 2020 May;24(5):1021–1033.
43
Polsky JY, Moubarac JC, Garriguet D. Consumption of ultra-processed foods in Canada. Statistics Canada; 2018 [cited 2023, Jun 18]. Available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2020011/article/00001-eng.htm
44
Kristin B, Kelly S, Travis H, Joseph L, and Lori C. Retail food environments, shopping experiences, First Nations and the provincial Norths. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2017 Oct;37(10):333–341.
45
Statistics Canada. North [Economic region], Manitoba and Manitoba [Province] (table). Census Profile, 2016 Census. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2017 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
46
Statistics Canada. Canadian Income Survey, 2020. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220323/dq220323a-eng.htm
47
Batal M, Chan HM, Fediuk K, Berti PR, Mercille G, Sadik T, et al. First Nations households living on-reserve experience food insecurity: prevalence and predictors among ninety-two First Nations communities across Canada. Can J Public Health. 2021 Jun;112(1):52–63.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
e-First
Pages: 1 - 9
Editor: Naomi Cahill
History
Version of record online: 8 March 2024
Copyright
© 2024.
Key Words
Mots-clés
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Other Metrics
Citations
Cite As
JoyceSlaterPhD, RD, AlanKatzMBChB, MSc, CCFP, BhanuPilliMsc, AynslieHindsPhD, Marcelo LUrquiaPhD, JulianneSanguinsPhD, ChrisGreenPhD, JaimeCidroPhD, DanChateauPhD, and NathanNickelPhD. Geographic Comparison of Dietary Intake and Quality in Manitoba Adolescents. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research.
e-First
https://doi.org/10.3148/cjdpr-2024-004
Export Citations
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
There are no citations for this item
View Options
Get Access
Login options
Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Subscribe
Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
