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    Dietary Sugar and Anthropometrics among Young Children in the Guelph Family Health Study: Longitudinal Associations
    Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research • Vol. 85 • No. 3 • pp. 132 - 139
    Purpose: Our understanding of the influence of sugar intake on anthropometrics among young children is limited. Most existing research is cross-sectional and has focused on sugar-sweetened beverages. The study objective was to investigate longitudinal associations between young children’s total, free, and added sugar intake from all food sources at baseline with anthropometric measures at baseline and 18 months.Methods: The Guelph Family Health Study (GFHS) is an ongoing randomized controlled trial and a family-based health promotion study. Food records and anthropometric data were collected at baseline (n = 109, 55 males; 3.7 ± 1.1 y, mean ± SD) and 18 months (n = 109, 55 males; 5.1 ± 1.1 y) of the GFHS pilots. Associations between sugar intakes and anthropometrics were estimated using linear regression models with generalized estimating equations adjusted for age, sex, household income, and intervention status.Results: Total sugar intake was inversely associated with body weight at 18 months (P = 0.01). There was no effect of time on any other associations between total, free, and added sugar intakes and anthropometrics.Conclusions: Early life dietary sugar intakes may not relate to anthropometric measures in the short term. Further investigation into potential associations between dietary sugar intakes and anthropometric variables over longer time periods is warranted.
  • Breakfast Quality of Preschool-aged Canadian Children
    Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research • Vol. 84 • No. 1 • pp. 58 - 61
    Purpose: To investigate the breakfast quality of preschool-aged children through a comparison of their energy and nutrient intakes at breakfast to published benchmarks for a balanced breakfast.Methods: Dietary data were collected for 163 children aged 3–5 years enrolled in the Guelph Family Health Study using one parent-reported online 24-hour recall and analyzed for energy and nutrient intakes. Breakfast quality was assessed by tallying the frequency of participants whose nutrient and energy intakes at their breakfast meal met the recommendations for a balanced breakfast established by the International Breakfast Research Initiative (IRBI).Results: Almost all participants (98%) consumed breakfast, and most participants (82.5%) met the energy IRBI recommendation. However, the majority of participants did not meet the IRBI recommendations for breakfast intakes of most macronutrients and micronutrients. In particular, fewer than 25% of participants met the IRBI recommendations for breakfast intakes of dietary fibre, niacin, folate, vitamin C, calcium, potassium and zinc.Conclusions: Almost all preschool-aged children in this study consumed breakfast, but the nutritional quality of their breakfast did not meet recommendations for most nutrients. These results can inform nutrition education and intervention programs for children that aim to improve the nutritional quality of breakfast.
  • Cheese Intake is Inversely Associated with LDL Cholesterol in Young Children
    Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research • Vol. 83 • No. 4 • pp. 208 - 211
    Purpose: To determine if intake (servings/day) of total dairy and/or dairy subtypes (milk, cheese, and yogurt) were associated with biomarkers related to dyslipidemia, insulin sensitivity and inflammation in a sample of cardio-metabolically healthy young children from the Guelph Family Health Study at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.Methods: Baseline data from 42 children (aged 2.0–6.2 years) from 33 families who provided a dietary assessment and a fasted blood sample were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Linear and logistic regressions using generalized estimating equations were used for analysis and models were adjusted for age, gender, and household income.Results: In total, 42 children (3.74 ± 1.23 years old; mean (± SD)) consumed median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) servings/day of 1.70 (1.16, 2.81) for total dairy, 0.74 (0.50, 1.70) for milk, 0.63 (0.00, 1.16) for cheese, and 0.00 (0.00, 0.38) for yogurt. Cheese intake was significantly inversely associated with LDL cholesterol (−0.16 (95% CI: −0.29, −0.03) mmol/L per serving; P = 0.02)). No other associations between dairy intake and biomarkers were significant.Conclusions: Cheese intake was inversely associated with LDL cholesterol in this preliminary study of cardio-metabolically healthy young children, thereby warranting further research on dairy intake and cardiometabolic risk factors.
  • An Exploration of Milk Product Health Beliefs and Dietary Calcium Intake in Young Adults
    Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research • Vol. 80 • No. 4 • pp. 179 - 185
    Purpose: Milk products (fluid milk, cheese, yogurt) typically provide a rich source of calcium and other nutrients, yet consumption is declining in Canada. This study examined milk product health beliefs among young adults and the association between these beliefs and dietary calcium intake.Methods: Seventy-nine participants (25 ± 4 y; 40 males) completed a milk product health belief questionnaire to determine a milk product health belief score (MPHBS) and a 3-day food record to assess dietary intake.Results: Despite generally positive views, young adults were uncertain about milk products in relation to health, weight management, and ethical concerns. Females would be more likely than males to increase milk product intake if they were confident that milk products are ethically produced. There was no significant association between MPHBS and dietary calcium intake. Energy-adjusted dietary calcium intake was positively associated with intakes of vitamin A (r = 0.3, P < 0.05), riboflavin (r = 0.5, P < 0.01), vitamin B12 (r = 0.5, P = < 0.01), vitamin D (r = 0.4, P < 0.01), phosphorus (r = 0.4, P < 0.01), zinc (r = 0.3, P < 0.01), and with milk and alternatives servings (r = 0.8, P < 0.01).Conclusion: Nutrition education efforts focused on increasing calcium-rich food consumption will help consumers to be better informed when making dietary choices.
  • Predicted and Measured Resting Metabolic Rate: In Young, Non-obese Women
    Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research • Vol. 74 • No. 3 • pp. 124 - 130
    Purpose: Measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) was compared with predicted RMR in a sample of young, non-obese women. Methods: In 52 women aged 19 to 30 with a body mass index of 16 to 29 kg/m2, RMR was measured with a MedGem indirect calorimeter and predicted with five commonly used equations: the Harris-Benedict (1919), Mifflin (1989), Owen (1985), Schofield weight (1985), and Schofield weight and height (1985) equations. Measured RMR and predicted RMR were compared through the use of various measures. Results: In comparison with the measured RMR, the RMR predicted with four of the five equations was significantly higher (by 16 to 225 kcal/day, p<0.001). At the group level, the Owen equation performed best and captured the greatest proportion of individuals (65%) for whom predicted RMR differed from measured RMR by less than 10%. With the other four equations, residuals exceeded 10% for more than two-thirds of participants. For the Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, and Owen equations, every 100 kcal/day increase in measured RMR was associated with a 6% to 8% decrease in error. The optimal prediction range (within 10% of the measured RMR) was different for each: Owen equation 1105 to 1400 kcal/day, Mifflin equation 1280 to 1595 kcal/day, and Harris-Benedict equation 1345 to 1630 kcal/day. Conclusions: Prediction equations should be modified according to the amount of corresponding percentage error. Where possible, RMR should be measured. Barring this, the Owen equation should be used for young, non-obese women.
  • Body Image, Body Mass Index, and Body Composition: In Young Adults
    Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research • Vol. 73 • No. 2 • pp. 78 - 83
    Purpose: Associations were examined between body image and body mass index (BMI) in comparison with body composition in healthy weight, overweight, and obese young adults. Methods: Weight and height were determined, and the percentage of fat mass (%FM) and percentage of fat-free mass (%FFM) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 75 male and 87 female young adults (21.1 ± 1.9 years; 25.2 ± 4.4 kg/m2 [mean ± standard deviation]). Body image was measured using the three subscales Weight Esteem, Appearance Esteem, and External Attribution of the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA). Results: Body mass index and %FM were highly correlated (r for males = 0.74, r for females = 0.82; both p<0.001), and were inversely associated with body image, particularly Weight Esteem. After adjustment for physical activity, BMI and %FM (and %FFM, although in the opposite direction) were associated with each BESAA subscale: %FM, %FFM, and BMI explained 12% to14% of the variance in Appearance Esteem for both sexes, 33% to 41% in Weight Esteem in women and 16% to 18% in men, and 8% to 10% in External Attribution in women (all p<0.05) and <5% for men (NS). Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware that as their clients’ BMI and %FM increase, body image decreases, particularly in women.
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