Comprehension and Use of Nutrition Facts Tables among Adolescents and Young Adults in Canada

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
15 January 2016

Abstract

Purpose: Limited evidence exists on the comprehension and use of Nutrition Facts tables (NFt) among adolescents and young adults. This study provides an account of how young people engage with, understand, and apply nutrition information on the current and modified versions of the NFt to compare and choose foods.
Methods: Participants aged 16–24 years (n = 26) were asked to “think aloud” while viewing either the current or 1 of 5 modified NFts and completing a behavioural task. The task included a questionnaire with 9 functional items requiring participants to define, compare, interpret, and manipulate serving size and percentage daily value (%DV) information on NFts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to further probe thought processes and difficulties experienced in completing the task.
Results: Equal serving sizes on NFts improved ability to accurately compare nutrition information between products. Most participants could define %DV and believed it can be used to compare foods, yet some confusion persisted when interpreting %DVs and manipulating serving-size information on NFts. Where serving sizes were unequal, mathematical errors were often responsible for incorrect responses.
Conclusions: Results reinforce the need for equal serving sizes on NFts of similar products and highlight young Canadians’ confusion when using nutrition information on NFts.

Résumé

Objectif. Il existe peu de données probantes sur la compréhension et l’utilisation des tableaux de la valeur nutritive (TVN) chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes. La présente étude donne un aperçu de la façon dont les jeunes abordent, comprennent et appliquent l’information nutritionnelle figurant sur les versions actuelles et modifiées des TVN pour comparer et choisir leurs aliments.
Méthodes. On a demandé à des participants âgés de 16 à 24 ans (n = 26) de « réfléchir à voix haute » pendant qu’ils regardaient la version actuelle ou l’une des cinq versions modifiées des TVN et qu’ils réalisaient une tâche comportementale. La tâche consistait notamment à répondre à un questionnaire comportant 9 éléments fonctionnels dans lequel on demandait aux participants de définir, de comparer, d’interpréter et de manipuler la taille des portions et l’information concernant le pourcentage de la valeur quotidienne (% VQ) figurant sur les TVN. On a mené des entrevues semi-structurées pour en savoir plus sur le processus cognitif et les difficultés éprouvées pendant l’exécution de la tâche.
Résultats. Les tailles des portions égales sur les TVN amélioraient la capacité à comparer avec précision l’information nutritionnelle entre les produits. La plupart des participants pouvaient définir le % VQ et étaient d’avis qu’il pouvait servir à comparer les aliments. Toutefois, une certaine confusion demeurait lors de l’interprétation des % VQ et de la manipulation de l’information concernant la taille des portions figurant sur les TVN. Lorsque les tailles des portions n’étaient pas les mêmes, des erreurs mathématiques ont mené, dans de nombreux cas, à des réponses incorrectes.
Conclusions. Les résultats appuient la nécessité d’indiquer des tailles de portions égales sur les TVN des produits similaires et mettent en évidence la confusion parmi les jeunes Canadiens lorsqu’ils utilisent l’information nutritionnelle figurant sur les TVN.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

1
Garriguet D. Canadians’ eating habits. Health Rep. 2007 [cited 2015 Aug 24];18(2):17–32. 17578013. Available from: http://publications.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/82-620-M/82-620-MIE2006002.pdf
2
Health Canada. Do Canadian adults meet their nutrient requirements through food intake alone? Ottawa: Health Canada; 2012. Report No.: H164-112/3-2012E-PDF [cited 2015 Aug 25]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/pdf/surveill/nutrition/commun/art-nutr-adult-eng.pdf
3
Health Canada. Do Canadian adolescents meet their nutrient requirements through food intake alone? Ottawa: Health Canada; 2012. Report No.: H164-112/2-2012E-PDF [cited 2015 Aug 25]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/pdf/surveill/nutrition/commun/art-nutr-adol-eng.pdf
4
Public Health Agency of Canada. Chief public health officer’s report on the state of public health in Canada. Ottawa: Government of Canada; 2011. Report No.: Cat:. HP2-10/2011E-PDF [cited 2015 Aug 24]. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cphorsphc-respcacsp/2011/cphorsphc-respcacsp-06-eng.php
5
Shields M. Overweight Canadian children and adolescents. Nutrition: findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Health Rep. 2006 [cited 2014 Aug 24]; 17(3):27. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003-x/2005003/article/9277-eng.pdf
6
Public Health Agency of Canada. Obesity in Canada. A joint report from the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Ottawa: Government of Canada; 2011 [cited 2014 Aug 24]. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/hl-mvs/oic-oac/assets/pdf/oic-oac-eng.pdf
7
Nelson MC, Story M, Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, and Lytle LA Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: an overlooked age for weight-related behavior change Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008 16 10 2205 -11
8
Dunn JE, Liu K, Greenland P, Hilner JE, and Jacobs DR Jr Seven-year tracking of dietary factors in young adults: the CARDIA study Am J Prev Med 2000 18 1 38 -45
9
Alberga A, Sigal R, Goldfield G, Prud’Homme D, and Kenny G Overweight and obese teenagers: why is adolescence a critical period? Pediatr Obes 2012 7 4 261 -73
10
Healthy Kids Panel. No time to wait: the healthy kids Strategy. Ontario: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2013 February 2013. Report No.: Catalogue No. 017308 ISBN: 978-1-4606-1014-5 (PDF).
11
Novak NL and Brownell KD Role of policy and government in the obesity epidemic Circulation 2012 126 19 2345 -52
12
Health Canada. Regulations amending the food and drug regulations (Nutrition labelling, nutrient content claims and health claims). Canada Gazette, Part 2. 2003;137(1):154. Ottawa, ON [cited 2014 Aug 24]. Available from: http://publications.gc.ca/archives/p2/2003/2003-01-01/pdf/g2-13701.pef
13
Goodman S, Hammond D, Pillo-Blocka F, Glanville T, and Jenkins R Use of nutritional information in Canada: national trends between 2004–2008 J Nutr Educ Behav 2011 43 356 -65
14
The Strategic Counsel. Canadians’ understanding and use of the nutrition facts table: baseline national survey results. Ottawa, ON. March 2011; POR 031-10(HCPOR-10-06).
15
Campos S, Doxey J, and Hammond D Nutrition labels on pre-packaged foods: a systematic review Public Health Nutr 2011 14 8 1496 -506
16
Cowburn G and Stockley L Consumer understanding and use of nutrition labelling: a systematic review Public Health Nutr 2005 8 1 21 -8
17
Levy L, Patterson RE, Kristal AR, and Li SS How well do consumers understand percentage daily value on food labels? Am J Health Promot 2000 14 3 157 -60
18
Heath Canada. Health Canada’s proposed changes to the format requirements for the display of nutrition and other information on food labels. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2014 [cited 2015 Aug 24]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc-gc.ca/fn-an/consult/2014-format-requirements-exigences=presentation/document-consultation-eng.php#a1
19
Ericsson K, Simon H. Protocol analysis: verbal reports as data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1984.
20
Robinson S and Mendelson A A qualitative experiment: research on mediated meaning construction using a hybrid approach J Mixed Methods Res 2012 6 4 332 -47
21
Health Canada. Regulations amending the food and drug regulations (Nutrition labelling, nutrient content claims and health claims) Canada Gazette Part II, Vol 137, No. 1 SOR/2003-11. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada; 2002 Dec 12 [cited 2015 Aug 24]. Available from: http://publications.gc.ca/gazette/archives/p2/2003/2003-01-01/pdf/g2-13701.pdf
22
Balasubramanian SK and Cole C Consumers’ search and use of nutrition information: The challenge and promise of the nutrition labeling and education act J Marketing 2002 66 3 112
23
Wartella EA, Lichtenstein AH, Boon CS. Front-of-package nutrition rating systems and symbols. Phase 1 report. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2010 [cited 2015 Aug 24]. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12957
24
Health Canada. Food labels: the percent daily value (%DV). Ottawa, ON: Health Canada; 2015 [cited 2015 Aug 24]. Available from: http://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/eating-nutrition/label-etiquetage/daily-value-valeur-quotidienne-eng.php
25
Institute of Medicine (IOM). Dietary reference intakes: water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2004.
26
Mackison D, Wrieden W, and Anderson A Validity and reliability testing developed to assess consumers’ use, understanding, and perceptions of food labels Eur J Clin Nutr 2010 64 2 210 -7
27
Wojcicki JM and Heyman MB Adolescent nutritional awareness and use of food labels: results from the national nutrition health and examination survey BMC Pediatr 2012 May 28 12 55
28
Hawthorne KM, Moreland K, Griffin IJ, and Abrams SA An educational program enhances food label understanding of young adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 2006 Jun 106 6 913 -6
29
Anderson SL, Marietta AB, and Welshimer KJ Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of college students regarding the 1990 nutrition labeling education act food labels J Am Diet Assoc 1999 99 4 445 -9
30
Misra R Knowledge, attitudes, and label use among college students J Am Diet Assoc 2007 107 12 2130 -4
31
Huang TTK, Kaur H, McCarter KS, Nazir N, Choi WS, and Ahluwalia JS Reading nutrition labels and fat consumption in adolescents J Adolesc Health 2004 35 399 -401
32
Wahlich C, Gardner B, and McGowan L How, when and why do young women use nutrition information on food labels? A qualitative analysis Psychol Health 2013 28 2 202 -16
33
McCullum C and Achterberg CL Food shopping and label use behavior among high school-aged adolescents Adolescence 1997 32 125 181 -97
34
Health Canada. Consulting Canadians to modernize and improve food labels. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada; 2014. Report No.: Cat.: H164-181/2014E-PDF
35
Health Canada. Improving nutrition information on food labels: Health Canada’s proposed new serving size guidelines to make comparing foods easier. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada; 2014 [cited 2014 August 6]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/consult/2014-serving-size-portion-indiquee-fs-fr-eng.php
36
van Herpen E and Trijp HC Front-of-pack nutrition labels: their effect on attention and choices when consumers have varying goals and time constraints Appetite 2011 57 1 148 -60
37
Desjardins E, Azevedo E. Food literacy among youth, young pregnant women, and young parents who are at risk for poor health: technical report; 2013 [cited 2014 September 17]. Available from: http://www.osnpph.on.ca/resources/Food%20Literacy%20Study.LDCPOntario.Final.Dec2013.pdf

Supplementary Material

File (cjdpr-2015-042suppltab1.pdf)
Supplementary FigureSupplementary Table (cjdpr-2015-042supplfig1.pdf)

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 77Number 2June 2016
Pages: 59 - 65

History

Version of record online: 15 January 2016

Authors

Affiliations

Erin Hobin PhD
Public Health Ontario, University Avenue, Toronto, ON
Grace Shen-Tu PhD
Public Health Ontario, University Avenue, Toronto, ON
Jocelyn Sacco PhD
Public Health Ontario, University Avenue, Toronto, ON
Christine White MSC
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Carolyn Bowman MSC
Public Health Ontario, University Avenue, Toronto, ON
Judy Sheeshka PhD
Dietetics, Nutrition, and Food Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC
Gail Mcvey PhD
The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
Mary Fodor O’Brien MHSC
Public Health Ontario, University Avenue, Toronto, ON
Lana Vanderlee PhD
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
David Hammond PhD
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

1. Use of Nutrition Information and Understanding of “Percent Daily Value” on Nutrition Facts Tables: Evaluating the Impact of a National Public Education Campaign among Youth and Young Adults in Canada
2. Benchmarks and Blinders: How Canadian Women Utilize the Nutrition Facts Table

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media