Examining Guidelines for School-Based Breakfast Programs in Canada: A Systematic Review of the Grey Literature

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
1 February 2017

Abstract

School breakfast programs are widespread and serve varying objectives regarding youth health promotion. Evidence-based guidelines for breakfast programs may be important in maximizing their effectiveness related to student outcomes, yet it is unclear what is available in Canada. A systematic review was conducted to identify and compare Canadian guidelines related to breakfast programs. Data sources included grey literature databases, customized search engines, targeted websites, and content expert consultations. Eligible guidelines met the following criteria: government and nongovernment sources at the federal and provincial/territorial levels, current version, and intended for program coordinators. Recommendations for program delivery were extracted, categorized, and mapped onto the 4 environments outlined in the ANGELO framework, and they were classified as “common” or “inconsistent” across guidelines. Fifteen sets of guidelines were included. No guidelines were available from federal or territorial governments and 4 provincial governments. There were few references to peer-reviewed literature within the guidelines and despite many common recommendations for program delivery, conflicting recommendations were also identified. Potential barriers to program participation, including a lack of consideration of allergies and other dietary restrictions, were identified. Future research should identify how guidelines are implemented and evaluate what effect their implementation has on program delivery and student outcomes.

Résumé

Les programmes de petits déjeuners à l’école sont répandus et répondent à divers objectifs en matière de promotion de la santé des jeunes. Des directives fondées sur des données probantes pourraient être importantes afin de maximiser l’efficacité des programmes de petits déjeuners auprès des élèves. Or, il est impossible de déterminer avec certitude ce qui est offert au Canada. Une revue systématique a été effectuée pour cibler et comparer les directives canadiennes relatives aux programmes de petits déjeuners. Les sources de données comprenaient les bases de données de littérature grise, les moteurs de recherche personnalisés, les sites Web ciblés et les consultations auprès d’experts en contenu. Les directives admissibles respectaient les critères suivants : sources gouvernementales et non gouvernementales aux paliers fédéral, provincial et territorial, version courante et directives destinées aux coordonnateurs de programmes. Les recommandations pour la mise en œuvre de programmes ont été extraites, catégorisées et cartographiées selon les quatre environnements décrits dans le cadre ANGELO. Elles ont été classées comme « courantes » ou « incohérentes » pour l’ensemble des directives. Quinze ensembles de directives ont été inclus. Le gouvernement fédéral, le gouvernement des territoires et celui de 4 provinces n’offraient aucune directive. Il y avait peu de renvois à la documentation examinée par des pairs dans les directives, et malgré de nombreuses recommandations communes quant à la mise en œuvre de programmes, il y avait également des recommandations contradictoires. Des obstacles potentiels à la participation aux programmes ont été recensés, notamment une absence de prise en compte des allergies et d’autres restrictions alimentaires. Les futures recherches devraient déterminer comment les directives sont mises en œuvre et évaluer les conséquences de leur mise en œuvre sur l’implantation des programmes et les résultats pour les étudiants.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Financial support: Sources of financial support: S.I. Kirkpatrick is funded by a Capacity Development Award from the Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (grant # 702855). S.T. Leatherdale is a Chair in Applied Public Health Research funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada in partnership with Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

References

1
Hoyland A, Dye L, and Lawton CL. A systematic review of the effect of breakfast on the cognitive performance of children and adolescents. Nutr Res Rev.2009;22(2):220–43.
2
Rampersaud GC, Pereira MA, Girard BL, Adams J, and Metzl JD. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc.2005;105(5):743–60.
3
Rampersaud GC. Benefits of breakfast for children and adolescents: update and recommendations for practitioners. Am J Lifestyle Med.2009;3(2):86–103.
4
Barr SI, DiFrancesco L, and Fulgoni VL. Breakfast consumption is positively associated with nutrient adequacy in Canadian children and adolescents. Br J Nutr.2014;112(08):1373–83.
5
Minaker LM, McCargar L, Lambraki I, Jessup L, Driezen P, and Calengor K, et al. School region socio-economic status and geographic locale is associated with food behaviour of Ontario and Alberta adolescents. Can J Public Health.2006;97(5):357–61.
6
Cohen B, Evers S, Manske S, Bercovitz K, and Edward HG. Smoking, physical activity and breakfast consumption among secondary school students in a southwestern Ontario community. Can J Public Health.2003;94(1):41–4.
7
Niemeier HM, Raynor HA, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Rogers ML, and Wing RR. Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping: predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. J Adolesc Health.2006;39(6):842–49.
8
Timlin MT, Pereira MA, Story M, and Neumark-Sztainer D. Breakfast eating and weight change in a 5-year prospective analysis of adolescents: project EAT (Eating Among Teens). Pediatrics.2008;121(3):e638–45.
9
Keski-Rahkonen A, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Virkkunen M, and Rose RJ. Breakfast skipping and health-compromising behaviors in adolescents and adults. Eur J Clin Nutr.2003;57(7):842–53.
10
Adolphus K, Lawton CL, Champ CL, and Dye L. The effects of breakfast and breakfast composition on cognition in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Adv Nutr.2016;7(3):590S–612S.
11
Adolphus K, Lawton CL, and Dye L. The effects of breakfast on behaviour and academic performance in children and adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci.2013;7:425.
12
Dietitians of Canada. Addressing household food insecurity in Canada: position statement and recommendations from dietitians of Canada. Toronto, ON: Dietitians of Canada; 2016.
13
Toronto Public Health. Nourishing young minds. Toronto, ON: Toronto Public Health; 2012.
14
Bartfeld JS and Ahn HM. The School Breakfast Program strengthens household food security among low-income households with elementary school children. J Nutr.2011;141(3):470–5.
15
Hayes D and Berdan G. School nutrition programs: challenges and opportunities. Am J Lifestyle Med.2013;7(5):333–40.
16
Russell JA, Evers S, Dwyer J, Uetrecht C, and Macaskill L. Best practices among child nutrition programs in Ontario: evaluation findings. J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2008;2(2–3):111–27.
17
Tikkanen I and Urho U. Free school meals, the plate model and food choices in Finland. Brit Food J.2009;111(2):102–19.
18
The Healthy Kids Panel. No time to wait: the healthy kids strategy. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2013.
19
CommunityLink [Internet]. Victoria, BC: Government of British Columbia; 2016 [cited 13 Sept 2016]. Available from: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/education-training/administration/community-partnerships/communitylink.
20
Godin KM, Stapleton J, Kirkpatrick SI, Hanning RM, and Leatherdale ST. Applying systematic review search methods to the grey literature: a case study examining guidelines for school-based breakfast programs in Canada. Syst Rev.2015;4(138):1.
21
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, and Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med.2009;151(4):264–9.
22
Swinburn B, Egger G, and Raza F. Dissecting obesogenic environments: the development and application of a framework for identifying and prioritizing environmental interventions for obesity. Prev Med.1999;29(6):563–70.
23
Vine MM and Elliott SJ.Exploring the school nutrition policy environment in Canada using the ANGELO framework. Health Promot Pract.2014;15(3):331–9.
24
Alberta Health Services. Breakfast program resource: based on Alberta Nutrition Guidelines for Children and Youth. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Health Services; 2009.
25
Breakfast Club of Canada. Build them up! guide. Boucherville: Breakfast Club of Canada; 2015.
26
Breakfast for Learning. Breakfast for learning start-up kit. Toronto, ON: Breakfast for Learning; 2014.
27
Healthy eating guidelines for school nutrition programs: a resource for First Nations schools [Internet]. Toronto, ON: Cancer Care Ontario; 2012 [cited 13 Sept 2016]. Available from: https://www.cancercare.on.ca/cms/one.aspx?objectId=9329&contextId=1377.
28
British Columbia Ministry of Education, British Columbia Ministry of Healthy Living and Sport. School meal and school nutrition program handbook. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Education; British Columbia Ministry of Healthy Living and Sport; 2010.
29
Fact sheets and best practices [Internet]. Winnipeg, MB: Child Nutrition Council of Manitoba; 2015 [cited 2 Sept 2016]. Available from: http://childnutritioncouncil.com/resources/best-practices-fact-sheets-and-info/.
30
Government of Manitoba. Moving forward with school nutrition guidelines. Winnipeg, MB: Government of Manitoba; 2014.
31
New Brunswick Teachers’ Association. Who’s hungry? Fredericton. New Brunswick, NJ: New Brunswick Teachers’ Association; 2012.
32
Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Education, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Health and Community Services. Healthy eating school resources manual. St. John’s, NL: Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Education; Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Health and Community Services; 2006.
33
Nourish Nova Scotia program resources [Internet]. Bedford, U.K.: Nourish Nova Scotia; 2015 [cited 13 Sept 2016]. Available from: https://nourishns.ca/program-resources.
34
Nova Scotia Department of Education. Provincial breakfast program standards. Halifax, NS: Nova Scotia Department of Education; 2007.
35
Ontario Ministry of Children & Youth Services. Student nutrition program nutrition guidelines. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2008.
36
Ontario Ministry of Children & Youth Services. Ontario’s Student Nutrition Program guidelines. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2014.
37
Nutrition tools for schools: student nutrition programs [Internet]: Ontario Society of Nutrition Professionals in Public Health; 2013 [cited 13 Sept 2016]. Available from: http://nutritiontoolsforschools.ca/guide/student-nutrition-programs.
38
Saskatchewan School Boards Association. Nutrition guidelines for schools. Regina, SK: Saskatchewan School Boards Association; 2009.
39
Prevalent medical conditions [Internet]. Toronto, ON: Ontario Ministry of Education; 2016; [cited 13 Sept 2016]. Available from: http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/healthyschools/anaphylaxis.html.
40
Bronson D. Presentation to the standing committee on finance. Presentation script. Montreal: Food Secure Canada; 2012.
41
Centre for Science in the Public Interest. A national nutritious school meal program for Canadian children. Ottawa, ON: Centre for Science in the Public Interest; 2009.
42
Howard A, Edge J. Enough for all: Household food security in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Conference Board of Canada; 2013.
43
Statistics Canada. Food insecurity in Canada [Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada; 2015 [cited 13 Sept 2016]. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2015001/article/14138-eng.htm#a1;.
44
Nunavut Food Security Coalition. Nunavut food security strategy and action plan 2014–6. Iqaluit: Nunavut Food Security Coalition; 2014.
45
Population by sex and age group, by province and territory [Internet]; 2015 [cited 13 Sept 2016]. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables–tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo31d-eng.htm.
46
Basch CE. Breakfast and the achievement gap among urban minority youth. J Sch Health.2011;81(10):635–40.
47
Food Research and Action Centre. School breakfast in America’s biggest cities. Washington, DC: Food Research and Action Centre; 2007.
48
Valaitis RF, Hanning RM, and Herrmann IS. Programme coordinators’ perceptions of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with school nutrition programmes. Public Health Nutr.2014;17(06):1245–54.
49
Leos-Urbel J, Schwartz AE, Weinstein M, and Corcoran S. Not just for poor kids: the impact of universal free school breakfast on meal participation and student outcomes. Econ Educ Rev.2013 1;36:88–107.
50
First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Alberta Region — Health Canada. Alberta health promoters in action. Edmonton, AB: First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Alberta Region - Health Canada; 2013.
51
Muthuswami E. Feeding our future: the first- and second-year evaluation. Toronto, ON: Toronto District School Board; 2012.
52
National school policies [Internet]. Toronto: Food Allergy Canada; 2016 [cited 13 Sept 2016]. Available from: http://foodallergycanada.ca/resources/national-school-policies/.
53
Downs SM, Farmer A, Quintanilha M, Berry TR, Mager DR, and Willows ND, et al. From paper to practice: barriers to adopting nutrition guidelines in schools. J Nutr Educ Behav.2012;44(2):114–22.
54
McIsaac JD, Shearer CL, Veugelers PJ, and Kirk SFL. Moving forward with school nutrition policies: a case study of policy adherence in Nova Scotia. Can J Diet Pract Res.2015;76(4):172–7.
55
Langlois C. Child nutrition. Toronto, ON: Breakfast for Learning; 2006.
56
Caraher M, Cavicchi A, Tarasuk V, Dachner N, and Loopstra R. Food banks, welfare, and food insecurity in Canada. Br Food J.2014;116(9):1405–17.
57
Hewins J, Levin M. School Breakfast Scorecard: School Year 2011–2012. Washington, DC: Food Research and Action Center; 2013.
58
Abramovitch SL, Reddigan JI, Hamadeh MJ, Jamnik VK, Rowan CP, and Kuk JL. Underestimating a serving size may lead to increased food consumption when using Canada’s Food Guide. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.2012;37(5):923–30.
59
Anderson L, Mah C, and Sellen D. Eating well with Canada’s food guide? Authoritative knowledge about food and health among newcomer mothers. Appetite.2015;91:357–65.
60
Collier R. Calls for a better food guide. CMAJ.2014;186(17):1281.
61
Jessri M and L’Abbé MR. The time for an updated Canadian Food Guide has arrived. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.2015;5:1–14.

Supplementary Material

File (cjdpr-2016-037 supplementary figure 1.pdf)
File (cjdpr-2016-037 supplementary table 1.pdf)
File (thumbs.db)

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 78Number 2June 2017
Pages: 92 - 100

History

Version of record online: 1 February 2017

Authors

Affiliations

Katelyn M. Godin BSc
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Sharon I. Kirkpatrick PhD
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Rhona M. Hanning PhD
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Jackie Stapleton MLS
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Scott T. Leatherdale PhD
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

1. Temporal snacking patterns among Canadian children and adolescents
2. The Impact of Canadian School Food Programs on Children’s Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media