The Relationship between Texture-Modified Diets, Mealtime Duration, and Dysphagia Risk in Long-Term Care

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
25 March 2019

Abstract

Many long-term care (LTC) residents have an increased risk for dysphagia and receive texture-modified diets. Dysphagia has been shown to be associated with longer mealtime duration, and the use of texture-modified diets has been associated with reduced nutritional intake. The current study aimed to determine if the degree of diet modification affected mealtime duration and to examine the correlation between texture-modified diets and dysphagia risk. Data were collected from 639 LTC residents, aged 62–102 years. Nine meal observations per resident provided measures of meal duration, consistencies consumed, coughing and choking, and assistance provided. Dysphagia risk was determined by identifying residents who coughed/choked at meals, were prescribed thickened fluids, and/or failed a formal screening protocol. Degree of texture modification was derived using the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative Functional Diet Scale. There was a significant association between degree of diet modification and dysphagia risk (P < 0.001). However, there was no association between diet modifications and mealtime duration, even when the provision of physical assistance was considered. Some residents who presented with signs of swallowing difficulties were not prescribed a texture-modified diet. Swallowing screening should be performed routinely in LTC to monitor swallowing status and appropriateness of diet prescription. Physical assistance during meals should be increased.

Résumé

De nombreux résidents d’établissements de soins de longue durée (SLD) présentent un risque accru de dysphagie et suivent une diète à texture modifiée. Il est démontré que la dysphagie est associée à une période de repas plus longue, et le recours à une diète à texture modifiée est associé à un apport nutritionnel plus faible. La présente étude visait à déterminer si le degré de modification de la diète influence la durée de la période de repas et à examiner la corrélation entre les diètes à texture modifiée et le risque de dysphagie. Des données ont été recueillies auprès de 639 résidents d’établissements de SLD âgés de 62 à 102 ans. Neuf observations de repas par résident ont permis de mesurer la durée des repas, les consistances consommées, la toux et les étouffements, et l’aide fournie. Le risque de dysphagie a été déterminé en identifiant les résidents qui toussaient ou s’étouffaient durant les repas, qui se faisaient prescrire des boissons épaissies ou qui ont échoué le protocole de dépistage officiel. Le degré de modification de la texture a été obtenu au moyen de l’échelle d’alimentation fonctionnelle [Functional Diet Scale] de l’International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative. Une association importante a été observée entre le degré de modification de la diète et le risque de dysphagie (P < 0,001). Cependant, aucune association n’a été observée entre les modifications à la diète et la durée de la période de repas, même en tenant compte de l’aide physique apportée. Certains résidents présentant des signes de difficultés de déglutition ne recevaient pas de diète à texture modifiée. L’évaluation de la déglutition devrait être effectuée régulièrement dans les établissements de SLD afin de surveiller la capacité de déglutition et la justesse de la diète prescrite. L’aide physique durant les repas devrait être accrue.

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Financial support: This study was funded by Canadian Institute of Health Research (grant number MOP-136888).
Conflict of interest: Heather Keller is a part of the Speaker’s Bureau for Nestle Health Science, Abbott Nutrition, and Fresenius Kabi, and receives salary support from the Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 80Number 3September 2019
Pages: 122 - 126

History

Version of record online: 25 March 2019

Authors

Affiliations

Ashwini M. Namasivayam-Macdonald PhD, CCC-SLP, SLP(C), Reg. CASLPO
Adelphi University, Garden City, NY
Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON
Catriona M. Steele PhD, CCC-SLP, SLP(C), Reg. CASLPO
Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
Natalie Carrier PhD, RD
University of Moncton, Moncton, NB
Christina Lengyel PhD, RD
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Heather H. Keller PhD, RD, FDC
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB
Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON

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