Grain Products Are a Top Source of Energy and Nutrients among Nova Scotian Adults Following a Gluten-Free Diet

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
9 September 2020

Abstract

To determine the food sources of energy and 13 core nutrients, 89 diet recalls were analyzed from an explanatory mixed-methods pilot study with adults following a gluten-free diet (GFD) for any reason. Nonconsecutive dietary recalls were collected through a web-based, Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour (ASA24®—Canada-2016) Tool. Mean nutrient intakes were compared with Dietary Reference Intakes. Food items (excluding supplements) were extracted and categorized according to the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences Food Group Codes. Percentages of total dietary intakes from food sources were ranked. Grain products were the highest ranked contributor of energy (21.4%), carbohydrate (30.3%), fibre (29.1%), and iron (35.3%). Breakfast cereals, hot cereals, yeast breads, and mixed grain dishes (mainly rice or pasta-based) were the most important nutrient contributors for grains, despite most (64.3%) commercial cereals and breads being unenriched. Legumes and seeds were not frequently consumed. Nutrient density in the GFD could be improved with more emphasis on gluten-free (GF) whole grains, legumes, seeds, and enriched breads and cereals. More research is needed on the nutrient composition of GF foods to identify food sources of folate, other B vitamins, zinc and magnesium—nutrients of concern for those requiring a GFD.

Résumé

Afin de déterminer les sources alimentaires d’énergie et les 13 principaux nutriments, 89 rappels alimentaires ont été analysés à partir d’une étude pilote explicative à méthodes mixtes menée auprès d’adultes suivant un régime sans gluten (RSG) pour une raison quelconque. Des rappels alimentaires non consécutifs ont été recueillis par l’entremise de l’outil Web Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour (ASA24®–Canada-2016). Les apports moyens en nutriments ont été comparés aux apports nutritionnels de référence. Les produits alimentaires (à l’exclusion des suppléments) ont été extraits et catégorisés selon les codes des groupes alimentaires du Bureau des sciences de la nutrition. Les pourcentages des apports alimentaires totaux provenant de diverses sources alimentaires ont été classés. Les produits céréaliers constituaient la principale source d’énergie (21,4 %), de glucides (30,3 %), de fibres (29,1 %) et de fer (35,3 %). Les céréales à déjeuner, les céréales chaudes, les pains à la levure et les plats à base de produits céréaliers mélangés (principalement à base de riz ou de pâtes) étaient les plus importantes sources de nutriments parmi les produits céréaliers, malgré que la plupart (64,3 %) des céréales et pains commerciaux n’étaient pas enrichis. Les légumineuses et les graines n’étaient pas fréquemment consommées. La densité en nutriments du RSG pourrait être améliorée en mettant davantage l’accent sur les grains entiers, les légumineuses, les graines, et les pains et céréales enrichis sans gluten (SG). D’autres recherches doivent être menées sur la teneur en nutriments des aliments SG afin d’identifier les sources alimentaires d’acide folique, d’autres vitamines B, de zinc et de magnésium – des nutriments importants pour les personnes qui doivent suivre un RSG.

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Financial support: Funding was provided by Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation (DI-2016-812).
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 82Number 1March 2021
Pages: 21 - 26

History

Version of record online: 9 September 2020

Authors

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Jennifer A. Jamieson PhD
Department of Human Nutrition, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS
Emily Rosta BSc
Department of Human Nutrition, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS
Laura Gougeon PhD, RD
Department of Human Nutrition, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS

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