Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Implications for Conducting Nutrition/Health Research in Canadian Federal Correctional Facilities

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
22 November 2022

Abstract

While conducting nutrition/health research into weight changes during incarceration and related determinants, it became apparent that the correctional setting in Canada was unique and required study design modifications to ensure study success. Consequently, we made many methodological adjustments during recruitment and data collection because of unforeseen challenges in the correctional context. This paper provides an illustrative example and shares insights on the challenges faced when conducting nutrition/health research in Canadian correctional facilities. Guidance on how to adapt research methods to make them more conducive to this unique environment is provided. This paper also highlights the importance of conducting nutrition/health research in this setting, especially given the lack of this type of research and the need for more evidence-based data to guide health promotion and nutritional interventions in Canadian correctional facilities.

Résumé

Durant une recherche sur la nutrition et la santé axée sur les changements de poids durant l’incarcération et les déterminants connexes, il est devenu évident que le milieu correctionnel canadien est unique et que la méthodologie de l’étude devait être modifiée pour en assurer le succès. Par conséquent, nous avons procédé à de nombreux ajustements méthodologiques au cours du recrutement et de la collecte des données en raison de défis imprévus dans le contexte du milieu correctionnel. Cet article fournit un exemple concret et donne un aperçu des défis à relever lors de recherches sur la nutrition et la santé dans les établissements de détention canadiens. Des conseils sur la façon d’adapter les méthodes de recherche pour les rendre plus pertinentes à cet environnement unique sont fournis. Cet article souligne également l’importance de mener des recherches sur la nutrition et la santé dans ce milieu, compte tenu notamment de l’absence de ce type de recherche et de la nécessité de disposer de plus de données probantes pour orienter la promotion de la santé et les interventions en nutrition dans les établissements de détention canadiens.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Conflicts of interest: Claire Johnson currently works as a researcher for Correctional Service Canada. The data and their interpretation are fully represented in the paper, and no censorship has occurred.
Financial support: This study was funded by the Consortium national de formation en santé (CNFS). The funders were not involved in study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, writing the manuscript, or deciding to submit the manuscript for publication.

REFERENCES

1
Herbert K, Plugge E, Foster C, and Doll H. Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in prison populations worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet. 2012;379(9830):1975–82.
2
World Health Organization (WHO). Health in Prison: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health. Moller L, Stover H, Jurgens R, Gatherer A, Nikogosian H, editors. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization; 2007.
3
Canadian Public Health Association. A Health Care Needs Assessment of Federal Inmates in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2004;95:1–63.
4
Gostin LO, Vanchieri C, Pope A. Ethical considerations for research involving prisoners. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2007
5
Johnson C, Bien-Aimé I, and Dubois L. Weight gain and chronic disease progression among individuals incarcerated in Canadian federal penitentiaries: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Prison Health. 2021;17(2):128–41.
6
Public Safety Canada. Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview. Ottawa: Public Safety; 2017.
7
Stewart LA, Nolan A, Sapers J, Power J, Panaro L, and Smith J. Chronic health conditions reported by male inmates newly admitted to Canadian federal penitentiaries. CMAJ Open. 2015;3(1):E97–102.
8
Kouyoumdjian FG, Cheng SY, Fung K, Orkin AM, McIsaac KE, Kendall C, et al. The health care utilization of people in prison and after prison release: A population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8).
9
Johnson C, Chaput JP, Diasparra M, Richard C, and Dubois L. Canadian federal penitentiaries as obesogenic environments: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ Open. 2018;6(3).
10
Correctional Service Canada. Institutional Profiles. 2013 [cited 2021 March 1]. Available from: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/institutions/index-eng.shtml.
11
Johnson C, Chaput JP, Rioux F, Diasparra M, Richard C, and Dubois L. An exploration of reported food intake among inmates who gained body weight during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(12).
12
Johnson C, Chaput JP, Blanchard A, and Dubois L. Weight gain and mental health in the Canadian prison population. J Correct Health Care. 2021;27(1):51–7.
13
Johnson C, Chaput JP, Diasparra M, Richard C, Dubois L. How did the tobacco ban increase inmates’ body weight during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries? A cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;e024552.
14
Johnson C, Chaput JP, Diasparra M, Richard C, and Dubois L. Influence of physical activity, screen time and sleep on inmates’ body weight during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries: a retrospective cohort study. Can J Public Health. 2019; 110(2):198–209.
15
Correctional Service Canada. Commissioner’s Directive: Inmate Committees. Ottawa, Ontario: Governement of Canada; 2008 [cited 2022 August 1]; Available from: https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/politiques-et-lois/083-cd-eng.shtml.
16
Inwood K and Roberts E. Indians are the Majority of the Prisoners’? Historical Variations in Incarceration Rates for Indigenous Women and Men in British Columbia. Howard J Crime Justice. 2020;59:350–69.
17
Malakieh J. Adult and youth correctional statistics in Canada, 2016/2017. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2018.
18
Correctional Service Canada. Food Services-Central Feeding. Ottawa: Correctional Service Canada; 2000 [cited 2021 March 1]. Available from: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/politiques-et-lois/880-1-sop-eng.shtml.
19
Lagarrigue A, Ajana S, Capuron L, Feart C, and Moisan MP. Obesity in French inmates: Gender differences and relationship with mood, eating behavior and physical activity. PLoS ONE. 2017 January;12(1).
20
Hannan-Jones M and Capra S. Prevalence of diet-related risk factors for chronic disease in male prisoners in a high secure prison. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70:212–16.
21
Baldwin N, Clarke JG, and Roberts MB. Weight change during incarceration: Groundwork for a collaborative health Intervention. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016; 27(3):1567–76.
22
Gates ML, Bradford RK. The Impact of Incarceration on Obesity: Are Prisoners with Chronic Diseases Becoming Overweight and Obese during Their Confinement? J Obes. 2015:532468
23
Houle B. Obesity disparities among disadvantaged men: national adult male inmate prevalence pooled with non-incarcerated estimates, United States, 2002-2004. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(10):1667–73.
24
Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Institute for Health Information. Obesity in Canada- A joint report from the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Ottawa; 2011.
25
Meek R. Sport in prison : exploring the role of physical activity in correctional settings. London: Routledge; 2014.
26
Baybutt M, Ritter C, Stöver H. Tobacco use in prison settings: a need for policy implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 84Number 2June 2023
Pages: 107 - 111
Editor: Naomi Cahill

History

Version of record online: 22 November 2022

Key Words

  1. penitentiary
  2. prison
  3. dietetic
  4. dietitians
  5. prisoner health
  6. inmates
  7. research
  8. obesity
  9. study design
  10. public health

Mots-clés

  1. pénitencier
  2. prison
  3. diététique
  4. diététistes
  5. santé des prisonniers
  6. détenus
  7. recherche
  8. obésité
  9. méthodologie de l’étude
  10. santé publique

Authors

Affiliations

Claire Johnson RD, PhD
École des hautes études publique, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

There are no citations for this item

View Options

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media