Open access

Canadian Hospital Food Service Practices to Prevent Malnutrition

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
21 July 2021

Abstract

Purpose: The study aimed to determine current practice, barriers, and enablers of foodservices in Canadian hospitals relative to guiding principles for best practice to prevent malnutrition.
Methods: Foodservice managers completed a 55-item cross-sectional, online survey (closed- and open-ended questions).
Results: Survey responses (n = 286) were from diverse hospitals in all Canadian regions; 56% acute care; 13% had foodservices contracted out; and 60% had a reporting structure combined with clinical nutrition. Predominantly, foodservice systems were 43% in-house versus 41% pre-prepared, 46% cook–serve food production, 64% meals assembled centrally (on-site), and 40% non-selective menus with limited opportunities for patient choice in advance or at meals. The “regular menu” (44%) was most commonly served as 3 meals, no snacks at specific times. Energy and protein-dense menus were available, but not widespread (9%). Daily energy targets ranged from 1200 to 2400 kcal and 32% of respondents viewed protein targets as important. The number of therapeutic diets varied from 2 to 150.
Conclusions: Although hospital foodservice practices vary across Canada, the survey results demonstrate gaps in national evidence-based practices and an opportunity to formalize guiding principles. This work highlights the need for standards to improve practice through patient-centered, foodservice practices focused on addressing malnutrition.

Résumé

Objectif. L’étude visait à déterminer les pratiques, obstacles et facteurs favorables actuels relativement aux services alimentaires dans les hôpitaux canadiens en comparaison avec les principes directeurs associés aux meilleures pratiques de prévention de la malnutrition.
Méthodes. Des responsables de services alimentaires ont participé à une enquête transversale en ligne composée de 55 questions (fermées et ouvertes).
Résultats. Les réponses à l’enquête (n = 286) provenaient de divers hôpitaux de toutes les régions du Canada; 56 % offraient des soins de courte durée; 13 % avaient des services alimentaires confiés en sous-traitance; et 60 % avaient une structure hiérarchique combinée à de la nutrition clinique. Les systèmes de services alimentaires étaient principalement les suivants : 43 % de plats préparés sur place vs 41 % préparés à l’avance, 46 % de production alimentaire « cuire et servir », 64 % de repas assemblés de manière centralisée (sur place) et 40 % de menus non sélectifs offrant peu de choix aux patients à l’avance ou à l’heure des repas. Le « menu standard » (44 %) était le plus souvent composé de 3 repas sans collation à des heures précises. Des menus riches en énergie et en protéines étaient offerts, mais peu répandus (9 %). Les cibles quotidiennes en matière d’apport énergétique allaient de 1 200 à 2 400 kcal, et 32 % des répondants considéraient les cibles protéiques importantes. Le nombre de diètes thérapeutiques variait entre 2 et 150.
Conclusions. Bien que les pratiques propres aux services alimentaires hospitaliers varient au Canada, les résultats de cette enquête révèlent des lacunes en matière de pratiques nationales reposant sur des données probantes et une occasion d’officialiser des principes directeurs. Ces travaux mettent en évidence la nécessité d’établir des normes afin d’améliorer les pratiques au moyen de services alimentaires centrés sur le patient et axés sur la lutte contre la malnutrition.

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Financial support: Funding was received from the Research and Scholarly Activity Fund of Langara College and the Canadian Malnutrition Task Force (CMTF), a standing committee of the Canadian Nutrition Society.
Conflicts of interest: JS, HF, BM, LWC and RN declare having no conflicts of interest. LG is part of the speaker bureau for Abbott, Baxter, and Fresenius Kabi and consultant for Takeda and Baxter.

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Information & Authors

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Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 82Number 4December 2021
Pages: 167 - 175
Editor: Naomi Cahill Ph.D RD

History

Version of record online: 21 July 2021

Authors

Affiliations

Janice Sorensen PhD, MSc, RD
Long-Term Care and Assisted Living, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC
Heather Fletcher RD, BASc
Patient Food, Patient Transport and Environmental Services, Unity Health, Toronto, ON
Brenda Macdonald MAdEd, BSc, PDt
Nutrition and Food Services, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS
Leslie Whittington-Carter MHS, RD
Formerly Dietitians of Canada, Toronto, ON
Roseann Nasser MSc, RD, CNSC, FDC
Department of Nutrition and Food Services, Pasqua Hospital, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina, SK
Leah Gramlich MD
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB

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Cited by

1. Canadian Nutrition Society Dialogue on disease-related malnutrition: a commentary from the 2022 Food For Health Workshop
2. The Hospital Food Experience Questionnaire Predicts Adult Patient Food Intake

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