Canadian Dietary Intakes Assessed by Nutrient Profiling Models and Association with Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
24 September 2024

Abstract

Purpose: Nutrient profiling (NP) ranks foods according to nutritional composition and underpins policies (e.g., front-of-package (FOP) labelling). This study aimed to evaluate Canadian adults’ dietary intakes using proposed Canadian FOP “high-in” labelling thresholds and international NP models (i.e., Ofcom, FSANZ, and Nutri-Score) and examine the association between intakes using international NP models and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Methods: Intakes from the Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition (CCHS-Nutrition) 2004 and 2015 were given NP scores and assessed against FOP thresholds. CCHS-Nutrition 2004 was linked with death records (Canadian Vital Statistics Database, n = 6767) and CVD incidence and mortality (hospital Discharge Abstract Database, n = 6420) until December 2017.
Results: Foods that would require FOP labels, should there be such regulation in Canada, contributed 38% of calories. Association between NP scores and mortality was significant for Ofcom, FSANZ, and Nutri-Score (hazard ratio (HR) in highest quintile (lowest quality): 1.73, 95%CI [1.20–2.49], 1.59[1.15–2.21], and 1.75[1.18–2.59], respectively), and for CVD incidence, among males (HR in highest quintile: 2.11[1.15–3.89], 1.74[1.07–2.84], and 2.29[1.24–4.24], respectively).
Conclusions: Canadians had moderately healthy intakes. NP systems could discriminate between low and high dietary quality such that adults with the lowest diet quality were more likely to experience all-cause mortality and CVD events (for males).

Résumé

Objectif. Le profilage nutritionnel (PN) classe les aliments en fonction de leur composition nutritionnelle et est à la base des politiques (p. ex. étiquetage sur le devant de l’emballage [EDE]). Cette étude visait à évaluer les apports alimentaires d’adultes canadiens en utilisant les seuils canadiens proposés pour que l’EDE inclue la mention « élevé en » ainsi que des modèles internationaux de PN (c.-à-d. Ofcom, FSANZ et Nutri-Score), et à examiner l’association entre les apports basés sur les modèles internationaux de PN et la mortalité toutes causes confondues et les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV).
Méthodes. Les apports issus de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes – Nutrition (ESCC-Nutrition) de 2004 et de 2015 se sont fait attribuer des scores PN et ont été évalués par rapport aux seuils de l’EDE. L’ESCC-Nutrition de 2004 a été mise en relation avec les dossiers de décès (Base canadienne de données de l’état civil, n = 6767) et l’incidence de MCV et la mortalité (Base de données sur les congés des patients, n = 6420) jusqu’en décembre 2017.
Résultats. Les aliments qui nécessiteraient un EDE, si une telle réglementation était adoptée au Canada, représentaient 38 % des calories. L’association entre les scores PN et la mortalité était significative pour Ofcom, FSANZ et Nutri-Score (risque relatif [RR] dans le quintile le plus élevé [qualité la plus faible] : 1,73, IC à 95 % [1,20–2,49], 1,59 [1,15–2,21] et 1,75 [1,18–2,59], respectivement) et pour l’incidence des MCV chez les hommes (RR dans le quintile le plus élevé : 2,11[1,15–3,89], 1,74[1,07–2,84] et 2,29[1,24–4,24], respectivement).
Conclusions. Les Canadiens ont des apports modérément sains. Les systèmes de PN pouvaient distinguer une qualité d’alimentation faible d’une qualité élevée, à savoir que les adultes ayant la qualité d’alimentation la plus faible étaient plus susceptibles de connaître une mortalité toutes causes confondues et des événements liés aux MCV (pour les hommes).

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Financial support: This study was supported by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR #428028). MJ is supported by Canada Research Chair Program and Banting Discovery Award (#2019-1406), and AJ is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Masters Award.
Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

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Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
e-First
Pages: 1 - 8
Editor: Naomi Cahill

History

Version of record online: 24 September 2024

Key Words

  1. nutrient profiling
  2. nutritional quality
  3. dietary quality
  4. cardiovascular disease
  5. all-cause mortality
  6. front-of-package labelling

Mots-clés

  1. profilage nutritionnel
  2. qualité nutritionnelle
  3. qualité de l’alimentation
  4. maladies cardiovasculaires
  5. mortalité toutes causes confondues
  6. étiquetage sur le devant de l’emballage

Authors

Affiliations

Adelia C. Jacobs MSc RD
Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
Mahsa Jessri PhD
Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (CHSPR), School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC

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