Canadian Dietary Intakes Assessed by Nutrient Profiling Models and Association with Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
24 September 2024

Abstract

Purpose: Nutrient profiling (NP) ranks foods according to nutritional composition and underpins policies (e.g., front-of-package (FOP) labelling). This study aimed to evaluate Canadian adults’ dietary intakes using proposed Canadian FOP “high-in” labelling thresholds and international NP models (i.e., Ofcom, FSANZ, and Nutri-Score) and examine the association between intakes using international NP models and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Methods: Intakes from the Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition (CCHS-Nutrition) 2004 and 2015 were given NP scores and assessed against FOP thresholds. CCHS-Nutrition 2004 was linked with death records (Canadian Vital Statistics Database, n = 6767) and CVD incidence and mortality (hospital Discharge Abstract Database, n = 6420) until December 2017.
Results: Foods that would require FOP labels, should there be such regulation in Canada, contributed 38% of calories. Association between NP scores and mortality was significant for Ofcom, FSANZ, and Nutri-Score (hazard ratio (HR) in highest quintile (lowest quality): 1.73, 95%CI [1.20–2.49], 1.59[1.15–2.21], and 1.75[1.18–2.59], respectively), and for CVD incidence, among males (HR in highest quintile: 2.11[1.15–3.89], 1.74[1.07–2.84], and 2.29[1.24–4.24], respectively).
Conclusions: Canadians had moderately healthy intakes. NP systems could discriminate between low and high dietary quality such that adults with the lowest diet quality were more likely to experience all-cause mortality and CVD events (for males).

Résumé

Objectif. Le profilage nutritionnel (PN) classe les aliments en fonction de leur composition nutritionnelle et est à la base des politiques (p. ex. étiquetage sur le devant de l’emballage [EDE]). Cette étude visait à évaluer les apports alimentaires d’adultes canadiens en utilisant les seuils canadiens proposés pour que l’EDE inclue la mention « élevé en » ainsi que des modèles internationaux de PN (c.-à-d. Ofcom, FSANZ et Nutri-Score), et à examiner l’association entre les apports basés sur les modèles internationaux de PN et la mortalité toutes causes confondues et les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV).
Méthodes. Les apports issus de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes – Nutrition (ESCC-Nutrition) de 2004 et de 2015 se sont fait attribuer des scores PN et ont été évalués par rapport aux seuils de l’EDE. L’ESCC-Nutrition de 2004 a été mise en relation avec les dossiers de décès (Base canadienne de données de l’état civil, n = 6767) et l’incidence de MCV et la mortalité (Base de données sur les congés des patients, n = 6420) jusqu’en décembre 2017.
Résultats. Les aliments qui nécessiteraient un EDE, si une telle réglementation était adoptée au Canada, représentaient 38 % des calories. L’association entre les scores PN et la mortalité était significative pour Ofcom, FSANZ et Nutri-Score (risque relatif [RR] dans le quintile le plus élevé [qualité la plus faible] : 1,73, IC à 95 % [1,20–2,49], 1,59 [1,15–2,21] et 1,75 [1,18–2,59], respectivement) et pour l’incidence des MCV chez les hommes (RR dans le quintile le plus élevé : 2,11[1,15–3,89], 1,74[1,07–2,84] et 2,29[1,24–4,24], respectivement).
Conclusions. Les Canadiens ont des apports modérément sains. Les systèmes de PN pouvaient distinguer une qualité d’alimentation faible d’une qualité élevée, à savoir que les adultes ayant la qualité d’alimentation la plus faible étaient plus susceptibles de connaître une mortalité toutes causes confondues et des événements liés aux MCV (pour les hommes).

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Financial support: This study was supported by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR #428028). MJ is supported by Canada Research Chair Program and Banting Discovery Award (#2019-1406), and AJ is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Masters Award.
Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

REFERENCES

1
GBD 2019 Diet Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1223–49.
2
Health Canada. Front-of-package nutrition labelling. Ottawa 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 20]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-labelling-changes/front-package.html.
3
World Health Organization. Nutrient profiling. 2010 [cited 2021 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/profiling/en/.
4
Labonte ME, Poon T, Gladanac B, Ahmed M, Franco-Arellano B, Rayner M, et al. Nutrient profile models with applications in government-led nutrition policies aimed at health promotion and non-communicable disease prevention: A systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2018 Nov 1;9(6):741–88.
5
UK Department of Health. Nutrient profiling technical guidance. 2011 [cited 2021 Mar 8]. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216094/dh_123492.pdf.
6
Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Health star rating system calculator and style guide. 2020 [cited 2021 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.healthstarrating.gov.au/internet/healthstarrating/publishing.nsf/Content/E380CCCA07E1E42FCA257DA500196044/$File/Health-Star-Rating-system-Calculator-and-Style-Guide.pdf.
7
Sante Publique France. Nutri-score frequently asked questions. 2020 [cited 2021 Mar 8]. Available from: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/en/nutri-score.
8
Pan X-F, Magliano DJ, Zheng M, Shahid M, Taylor F, Julia C, et al. Seventeen-year associations between diet quality defined by the health star rating and mortality in Australians: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study. Curr Dev Nutr. 2020;4(11):nzaa157.
9
Mytton OT, Forouhi NG, Scarborough P, Lentjes M, Luben R, Rayner M, et al. Association between intake of less-healthy foods defined by the United Kingdom’s nutrient profile model and cardiovascular disease: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2018;15(1):e1002484-e.
10
Adriouch S, Julia C, Kesse-Guyot E, Mejean C, Ducrot P, Peneau S, et al. Prospective association between a dietary quality index based on a nutrient profiling system and cardiovascular disease risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016 Oct;23(15):1669–76.
11
Deschasaux M, Huybrechts I, Julia C, Hercberg S, Egnell M, Srour B, et al. Association between nutritional profiles of foods underlying Nutri-Score front-of-pack labels and mortality: EPIC cohort study in 10 European countries. BMJ. 2020 Sep 16;370:m3173.
13
Health Canada. Reference Guide to Understanding and Using the Data - 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey - Nutrition. Ottawa 2017 [cited 2022 May 3]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-nutrition-surveillance/health-nutrition-surveys/canadian-community-health-survey-cchs/reference-guide-understanding-using-data-2015.html.
14
National Cancer Institute. Usual Dietary Intakes: SAS Macros for the NCI Method. 2022 [updated 08 June 2022; cited 2022 Aug 8]. Available from: https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/diet/usualintakes/macros.html.
15
Sanmartin C, Decady Y, Trudeau R, Dasylva A, Tjepkema M, Fines P, et al. Linking the Canadian Community Health Survey and the Canadian Mortality Database: An enhanced data source for the study of mortality. Health Rep. 2016 Dec 21;27(12):10-8.
16
Statistics Canada. Canadian vital statistics - death database (CVSD). 2021 [cited 2021 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3233.
17
Canadian Institute for Health Information. Discharge abstract database metadata (DAD). 2020 [cited 2021 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www.cihi.ca/en/discharge-abstract-database-metadata-dad.
18
Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey data (2000 to 2011) linked to the discharge abstract database (1999/2000-2012/2013). [Updated 15 June 2021; cited 2021 Sep 8]. Available from: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/microdata/data-centres/data/cencchs-dad.
19
World Health Organization. ICD-10 Version: Ischaemic heart disease. 2016 [cited 2022 Aug 15]. Available from: https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/I20-I25.
20
UK Department of Health. Nutrient profiling technical guidance. 2011.
21
Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Overview of the nutrient profiling scoring criterion. 2016.
22
Sante Publique France. Nutri-score frequently asked questions. 2020.
23
Health Canada. Percent daily value. Ottawa 2019 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/understanding-food-labels/percent-daily-value.html.
24
Shields M, Gorber SC, Janssen I, and Tremblay MS. Bias in self-reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys: an update on correction equations for adults. Health Rep. 2011;22(3):35–45.
25
Garriguet D. Accounting for misreporting when comparing energy intake across time in Canada. Health Rep. 2018;29(5):3–12.
26
Deschasaux M, Huybrechts I, Murphy N, Julia C, Hercberg S, Srour B, et al. Nutritional quality of food as represented by the FSAm-NPS nutrient profiling system underlying the Nutri-Score label and cancer risk in Europe: Results from the EPIC prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2018 Sep;15(9):e1002651.
27
Olstad DL, Nejatinamini S, Victorino C, Kirkpatrick SI, Minaker LM, and McLaren L. Socioeconomic inequities in diet quality among a nationally representative sample of adults living in Canada: an analysis of trends between 2004 and 2015. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Nov 8;114(5):1814–29.
28
Ng A, Jessri M, and L’Abbe M. Changes in the dietary patterns of Canadian adults and likelihood of obesity: Results from the Canadian Community Health Survey-nutrition, cycles 2004 and 2015. Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3(Suppl 1):nzz039.
29
Tugault-Lafleur CN and Black JL. Differences in the quantity and types of foods and beverages consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015. Nutrients. 2019 Feb 28;11(3):526.
30
Egnell M, Seconda L, Neal B, Mhurchu CN, Rayner M, Jones A, et al. Prospective associations of the original Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system and three variants with weight gain, overweight and obesity risk: results from the French NutriNet-Sante cohort. Br J Nutr. 2021 Apr 28;125(8):902–14.
31
Polsky JY, Moubarac J, and Garriguet D. Consumption of ultra processed foods in Canada. Health Rep. 2020;31(11):3–15.
32
Poon T, Labonté M-È, Mulligan C, Ahmed M, Dickinson KM, and L’Abbé MR. Comparison of nutrient profiling models for assessing the nutritional quality of foods: A validation study. Br J Nutr. 2018;120(5):567–82.
33
Gómez-Donoso C, Martínez-González MÁ, Perez-Cornago A, Sayón-Orea C, Martínez JA, and Bes-Rastrollo M. Association between the nutrient profile system underpinning the Nutri-Score front-of-pack nutrition label and mortality in the SUN project: A prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(3):1085–94.
34
Sacks G, Rayner M, Stockley L, Scarborough P, Snowdon W, and Swinburn B. Applications of nutrient profiling: potential role in diet-related chronic disease prevention and the feasibility of a core nutrient-profiling system. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Mar;65(3):298–306.
35
Lee DS, Chiu M, Manuel DG, Tu K, Wang X, Austin PC, et al. Trends in risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Canada: temporal, socio-demographic and geographic factors. CMAJ. 2009 Aug 4;181(3-4):E55–66.
36
Lazarova SV, Sutherland JM, and Jessri M. Adherence to emerging plant-based dietary patterns and its association with cardiovascular disease risk in a nationally representative sample of Canadian adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Jul 6;116(1):57–73.
37
Jessri M, Hennessey D, Eddeen AB, Bennett C, Sanmartin C, and Manuel D. Dietary patterns attributable mortality and life expectancy lost in Canada: Evidence from Canadian National Nutrition Survey linked to routinely-collected health administrative databases. Am J Epidemiol. 2022 Oct 26;92(3):377–396.
38
Lohse T, Faeh D, Bopp M, and Rohrmann S, Swiss National Cohort Study G. Adherence to the cancer prevention recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research and mortality: a census-linked cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Sep;104(3):678–85.
39
Lazarova SV and Jessri M. Associations between dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease risk in Canadian adults: a comparison of partial least squares, reduced rank regression, and the simplified dietary pattern technique. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Aug 4;116(2):362–77.
41
Thompson AE, Anisimowicz Y, Miedema B, Hogg W, Wodchis WP, and Aubrey-Bassler K. The influence of gender and other patient characteristics on health care-seeking behaviour: a QUALICOPC study. BMC Fam Pract. 2016;17:1–7.
42
Heart & Stroke. System failure: Healthcare inequities continue to leave women’s heart and brain health behind. 2023 Spotlight on Women’s Heart and Brain Health. 2023 [cited 2024 May 16]. Available from: https://issuu.com/heartandstroke/docs/h_s_women_s_report_february_2023?fr=sNGQ5NTUzMjYzODY.

Supplementary Material

File (cjdpr-2024-017suppla.docx)

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
e-First
Pages: 1 - 8
Editor: Naomi Cahill

History

Version of record online: 24 September 2024

Key Words

  1. nutrient profiling
  2. nutritional quality
  3. dietary quality
  4. cardiovascular disease
  5. all-cause mortality
  6. front-of-package labelling

Mots-clés

  1. profilage nutritionnel
  2. qualité nutritionnelle
  3. qualité de l’alimentation
  4. maladies cardiovasculaires
  5. mortalité toutes causes confondues
  6. étiquetage sur le devant de l’emballage

Authors

Affiliations

Adelia C. Jacobs MSc RD
Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
Mahsa Jessri PhD
Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (CHSPR), School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

There are no citations for this item

View Options

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media