Are Therapeutic Diets in Long-Term Care Affecting Resident Food Intake and Meeting their Nutritional Goals?

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
4 June 2020

Abstract

Purpose: To examine health characteristics of long-term care (LTC) residents prescribed therapeutic diets (promoting or restricting intake of key food components), to determine how these diets influenced intake and whether there were differences in food intake and malnutrition risk between residents with and without restrictive diets.
Methods: Secondary analysis of the Making the Most of Mealtimes Study includes 435 residents with no/mild cognitive impairment in 32 LTC homes across 4 provinces. Health records were reviewed for diet prescriptions and other characteristics. Weighed and observed food and fluid consumption over 3 nonconsecutive days determined intake. Bivariate and multivariable linear regressions identified associations between therapeutic diets and intake and key nutrients.
Results: Almost half (42%) of participants were prescribed a therapeutic diet. Residents receiving restrictive diets (28%) consumed absolute calories consistent with those receiving a regular diet, but kcal/kg was significantly lower (22.1 ± 5.5 vs 23.6 ± 5.3). Low sodium and weight-promoting diets were the only therapeutic diets associated with their corresponding key nutrient profiles. Restrictive therapeutic diets were not associated with energy or protein intake when adjusting for covariates.
Conclusions: Restrictive therapeutic diets among those with mild to no cognitive deficits do not appear to impair food intake.

Résumé

Objectif. Examiner des caractéristiques relatives à la santé chez des résidents d’établissements de soins de longue durée (SLD) à qui l’on a prescrit une diète thérapeutique (favorisant ou restreignant la consommation de certaines composantes alimentaires) afin de déterminer comment ces diètes influencent l’apport alimentaire et s’il existe des différences quant à l’apport alimentaire et au risque de malnutrition entre les résidents qui suivent une diète restrictive et ceux qui n’en suivent pas.
Méthodes. L’analyse secondaire de l’étude « Making the Most of Mealtimes » [Optimiser la période des repas] inclut 435 résidents qui présentent une déficience cognitive légère ou n’en présentent aucune et qui vivent dans 32 établissements de SLD répartis dans 4 provinces. Les dossiers de santé ont été examinés afin de connaître les diètes prescrites et d’autres caractéristiques. On a pesé et observé les aliments et les liquides consommés pendant 3 jours non consécutifs afin de déterminer l’apport. Des régressions linéaires bivariées et multivariées ont permis d’identifier des associations entre, d’une part, les diètes thérapeutiques et, d’autre part, la consommation alimentaire et l’apport en nutriments clés.
Résultats. Près de la moitié (42 %) des participants s’étaient fait prescrire une diète thérapeutique. Les résidents suivant une diète restrictive (28 %) consommaient un nombre de calories absolu correspondant à celui de personnes ayant une alimentation normale, mais le nombre de kcal/kg était significativement inférieur (22,1 ± 5,5 vs 23,6 ± 5,3). Les diètes pauvres en sodium et axées sur le poids étaient les seules diètes thérapeutiques associées à leurs profils correspondants quant aux nutriments clés. Les diètes thérapeutiques restrictives n’étaient pas associées à l’apport en énergie ou en protéines après ajustement des covariables.
Conclusions. Les diètes thérapeutiques restrictives chez les personnes présentant une déficience cognitive légère ou n’en présentant aucune ne semblent pas nuire à l’apport alimentaire.

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Source of financial support: Canadian Institutes for Health Research provided peer-reviewed funding for this study [grant numbers 201403MOP-326892-NUT-CENA-25463].
Conflicts of interest: None of the authors have any conflict of interest to declare.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 81Number 4December 2020
Pages: 186 - 192

History

Version of record online: 4 June 2020

Authors

Affiliations

Sarah Wu MA, PhD Candidate
Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Jill Morrison-Koechl MSc, PhD Candidate
Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Christina Lengyel PhD, RD
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB
Natalie Carrier PhD, RD
Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB
Sarah Awwad RD, MSc
Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Heather Keller PhD, RD, FDC, FCAHS
Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON

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