Adverse Birth Outcomes Associated with Types of Eating Disorders: A Review

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
7 February 2019

Abstract

At least 5% of women have an eating disorder (ED) during pregnancy. These EDs affect prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight gain during pregnancy, factors associated with birth complications and adverse neonatal outcomes. This review contributes to the literature by examining several adverse birth outcomes associated with EDs and differentiates between past and present EDs. Of the 18 articles reviewed, EDs were associated with preterm birth in 5/14 (36%) and small-for-gestational-age in 5/8 (63%) studies. Anorexia Nervosa increases the odds of a low birth weight baby, particularly when women enter pregnancy with a low BMI. Binge Eating Disorder is positively associated with having a large-for-gestational-age infant, and Bulimia Nervosa is associated with miscarriage when symptomatic during pregnancy. Having a current ED increases the risk for adverse birth outcomes more than a past ED. Since the aetiology of adverse birth outcomes is multi-factorial, drawing conclusions about causal relationships between EDs and birth outcomes is problematic given the small number of studies reporting these outcomes. Resources should target preconception interventions that put EDs into remission and help women achieve a healthier BMI prior to pregnancy, as these have been consistently shown to improve birth outcomes.

Résumé

Au moins 5 % des femmes souffrent d’un trouble de l’alimentation (TA) durant la grossesse. Ces TA affectent l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) avant la grossesse et le gain de poids durant la grossesse, des facteurs associés aux complications à l’accouchement et aux issues néonatales indésirables. Cette revue enrichit la littérature en examinant plusieurs issues néonatales indésirables associées aux TA et en faisant la distinction entre les TA passés et présents. Sur les 18 articles examinés, des TA étaient associés à des naissances prématurées dans 5 études sur 14 (36 %), et à la naissance d’un bébé né petit par rapport à son âge gestationnel dans 5 études sur 8 (63 %). L’anorexie mentale augmente les risques d’avoir un bébé de faible poids à la naissance, en particulier lorsque les femmes deviennent enceintes alors qu’elles ont un faible IMC. L’hyperphagie boulimique est positivement associée au fait d’avoir un gros nourrisson par rapport à son âge gestationnel, et la boulimie symptomatique durant la grossesse est associée au risque de fausse couche. Un TA présent augmente davantage le risque d’issue néonatale indésirable qu’un TA passé. Étant donné que l’étiologie des issues néonatales indésirables est multifactorielle et vu le petit nombre d’études qui en font état, il est difficile de tirer des conclusions sur les relations de cause à effet entre les TA et l’issue de la grossesse. Les ressources devraient être orientées sur des interventions avant la conception qui permettent de traiter les TA jusqu’à la rémission et d’aider les femmes à atteindre un IMC plus sain avant la grossesse, car il a été démontré de manière constante que ce type d’intervention améliore la santé des nouveau-nés.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Financial support: None to report
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

REFERENCES

1
O’Brien KM, Whelan DR, Sandler DP, Hall JE, and Weinberg CR. Predictors and long-term health outcomes of eating disorders. PLoS ONE. 2017 Jul;12(7):e0181104.
2
Government of Canada. Archived: Chapter 6: A report on mental illnesses in Canada—eating disorders. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada; 2002 [cited 2017 Oct 16]. 11 p. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/report-on-mental-illnesses-canada/eating-disorders.html.
3
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition. VA: American Psychiatric Association; c2013 [cited 2017 Oct 20]. Available from: http://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
4
Bulik CM, Von Holle A, Hamer R, Knoph Berg C, Torgersen L, Magnus P, Stoltenberg C, Siega-Riz AM, Sullivan P, and Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Patterns of remission, continuation and incidence of broadly defined eating disorders during early pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Psychol Med. 2007 May;37(8):1109–118.
5
Easter A, Bye A, Taborelli E, Corfield F, Schmidt U, Treasure J, and Micali N. Recognising the symptoms: How common are eating disorders in pregnancy? Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013 Mar;21(4):340–44.
6
Watson HJ, Von Holle A, Hamer RM, Knoph Berg C, Torgersen L, Magnus P, Stoltenberg C, Sullivan P, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, and Bulik CM. Remission, continuation and incidence of eating disorders during early pregnancy: A validation study in a population-based birth cohort. Psychol Med. 2013 Aug;43(8):1723–34.
7
Cardwell MS. Eating disorders during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2013 Apr;68(4):312–23.
8
Bulik CM, Von Holle A, Siega-Riz AM, Torgersen L, Lie KK, Hamer RM, Berg CK, Sullivan P, and Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Birth outcomes in women with eating disorders in the Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa). Int J Eat Disord. 2009 Jan;42(1):9–18.
9
Coker EL, Mitchell-Wong LA, and Abraham SF. Is pregnancy a trigger for recovery from an eating disorder? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2013 Sep;92(12):1407–413.
10
Coker E and Abraham S. Body weight dissatisfaction before, during and after pregnancy: A comparison of women with and without eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord. 2015 Jun;20(1):71–79.
11
Kouba S, Hällström T, Lindholm C, and Hirschberg AL. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Feb;105(2):255–60.
12
Micali N, De Stavola B, dos-Santos-Silva I, Steenweg-de Graaff J, Jansen PW, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Steegers EA, and Tiemeier H. Perinatal outcomes and gestational weight gain in women with eating disorders: A population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2012 Nov;119(12):1493–502.
13
Siega-Riz AM, Von Holle A, Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Hamer R, Torgersen L, Berg CK, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, and Bulik CM. Gestational weight gain of women with eating disorders in the Norwegian pregnancy cohort. Int J Eat Disord. 2011 Jul;44(5):428–34.
14
Campbell EE, Dworatzek PD, Penava D, de Vrijer B, Gilliland J, Matthews JI, and Seabrook JA. Factors that influence excessive gestational weight gain: Moving beyond assessment and counselling. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016 Nov;29(21):3527–31.
15
Nohr EA, Vaeth M, Baker JL, Sørensen TI, Olsen J, and Rasmussen KM. Combined associations of prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;87(6):1750–59.
16
Wentz E, Gillberg IC, Anckarsäter H, Gillberg C, and Råstam M. Reproduction and offspring status 18 years after teenage-onset anorexia nervosa—A controlled community-based study. Int J Eat Disord. 2009 Feb;42(6):483–91.
17
Eagles JM, Lee AJ, Raja EA, Millar HR, and Bhattacharya S. Pregnancy outcomes of women with and without a history of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med. 2012 Mar;42(12):2651–60.
18
Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, Suvisaari JM, Suokas JT, and Gissler M. Reproductive health outcomes in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2013 Sep;46(8):826–33.
19
Micali N, Simonoff E, and Treasure J. Risk of major adverse perinatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;190:255–59.
20
Blais MA, Becker AE, Burwell RA, Flores AT, Nussbaum KM, Greenwood DN, Ekeblad ER, and Herzog DB. Pregnancy: Outcome and impact on symptomatology in a cohort of eating-disordered women. Int J Eat Disord. 2000 Feb;27(2):140–49.
21
Morgan JF, Lacey JH, and Chung E. Risk of postnatal depression, miscarriage, and preterm birth in bulimia nervosa: Retrospective controlled study. Psychosom Med. 2006 May;68(3):487–92.
22
Bansil P, Kuklina EV, Whiteman MK, Kourtis AP, Posner SF, Johnson CH, and Jamieson DJ. Eating disorders among delivery hospitalizations: Prevalence and outcomes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008 Nov;17(9):1523–28.
23
Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, Suvisaari JM, Suokas JT, and Gissler M. Pregnancy, obstetric, and perinatal health outcomes in eating disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Oct;211(4):392.e1-8–392.e8.
24
Pasternak Y, Weintraub AY, Shoham-Vardi I, Sergienko R, Guez J, Wiznitzer A, Shalev H, and Sheiner E. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012 Jan;21(1):61–65.
25
Sollid CP, Wisborg K, Hjort J, and Secher NJ. Eating disorder that was diagnosed before pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jan;190(1):206–210.
26
Micali N, Stemann Larsen P, Strandberg-Larsen K, and Nybo Andersen A-M. Size at birth and preterm birth in women with lifetime eating disorders: A prospective population-based study. BJOG. 2016 Jul;123(8):1301–1310.
27
Watson HJ, Zerwas S, Torgersen L, Gustavson K, Diemer EW, Knudsen GP, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, and Bulik CM. Maternal eating disorders and perinatal outcomes: A three-generation study in the Norwegian mother and child cohort study. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126(5):552–564.
28
Solmi F, Sallis H, Stahl D, Treasure J, and Micali N. Low birth weight in the offspring of women with anorexia nervosa. Epidemiol Rev. 2014 Jan;36(1):49–56.
29
Ekéus C, Lindberg L, Lindblad F, and Hjern A. Birth outcomes and pregnancy complications in women with a history of anorexia nervosa. BJOG. 2006 Aug;113(8):925–929.
30
Seabrook JA, Woods N, Clark A, de Vrijer B, Penava D, and Gilliland J. The association between alcohol outlet accessibility and adverse birth outcomes: A retrospective cohort study. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2018 Jan;11(1):71–77.

Supplementary Material

File (cjdpr-2018-044suppla.docx)

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 80Number 3September 2019
Pages: 131 - 136

History

Version of record online: 7 February 2019

Authors

Affiliations

Kimberly D. Charbonneau MScFN (c)
School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON
Jamie A. Seabrook PhD
School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON
Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON
Departments of Paediatrics, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

1. Maternal Eating Disorders and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2. Identifiable Dietary Patterns of Pregnant Women: A Canadian Sample
3. Weight Changes and Body Image in Pregnant Women: A Challenge for Health Care Professionals

View Options

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media