Benchmarks and Blinders: How Canadian Women Utilize the Nutrition Facts Table

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
1 February 2017

Abstract

Purpose: To better understand how consumers use the Nutrition Facts Table (NFT) in their everyday shopping decisions and food consumption habits.
Methods: Thirteen Canadian females were interviewed about how they use the NFT in their food choices.
Results: Different elements of the front of the package served different purposes. Health claims and health checks drew attention to the product, but were not highly trusted. Ingredient lists were used to find “real food.” NFTs were considered important with each participant reporting an individualized strategy for using the NFT characterized by the application of benchmarks and blinders. The term “blinders” reflected only seeing and using one specific nutrient by assessing whether or not it exceeded a certain “benchmark” established by the participant. Therefore, the level of one specific nutrient determined the healthfulness of the product and the subsequent purchase/consumption decision.
Conclusions: Findings suggest that NFTs should be redesigned. Some ideas for redesign include only listing “unhealthy” nutrients, having serving sizes more congruent to what is eaten in a typical sitting, making it easier to identify when a food may be high in a nutrient, and providing ways to allow the NFT to be used to meet personal, individualized needs.

Résumé

Objectif : Mieux comprendre comment les consommateurs utilisent le tableau de la valeur nutritive (TVN) pour prendre leurs décisions d’achat quotidiennes ainsi que leurs habitudes alimentaires.
Méthodes : Treize Canadiennes ont été interrogées sur la manière dont elles utilisent le TVN pour faire des choix alimentaires.
Résultats : Différents éléments du devant de l’emballage ont différentes utilités. Les allégations santé et autres symboles connexes attiraient l’attention vers le produit, mais ne suscitaient pas la confiance. Les listes d’ingrédients étaient utilisées pour trouver les « vrais aliments ». Les TVN étaient considérés comme importants, et chaque participante avait une stratégie personnalisée pour lire le TVN, laquelle était caractérisée par l’utilisation de seuils et d’œillères. Le terme « œillères » reflétait le fait de ne voir et de n’utiliser qu’un seul nutriment particulier et d’évaluer s’il excède ou non un certain « seuil » établi par la participante. Par conséquent, la quantité d’un nutriment particulier déterminait le caractère sain du produit et justifiait la décision subséquente de l’acheter ou de le consommer.
Conclusions : Les résultats suggèrent que les TVN devraient être retravaillés. À cet égard, les idées suivantes ont été soulevées : n’énumérer que les nutriments « malsains », présenter des portions plus conformes à la quantité mangée dans une situation type, faciliter l’identification d’un aliment qui contient une quantité importante d’un nutriment et fournir des façons d’utiliser le TVN pour répondre à des besoins personnels et individualisés.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Funding Sources: Funding for this research was provided through the Canadian Institutes of Health Research [funding reference number 70781].
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

1
Government of Canada. Regulations amending the food and drug regulations (nutrition labelling, nutrient content claims and health claims). Can Gaz Part II. 2003;137(1):154–403.
2
Conklin MT, Cranage D, and Lambert CU. College students’ use of point of selection nutrition information. Top Clin Nutr.2005;20(2):97–108.
3
Smith SC, Taylor JG, and Stephen AM. Use of food labels and beliefs about diet–disease relationships among university students. Public Health Nutr.2000;3(2):175–82.
4
Neuhouser ML, Kristal AR, and Patterson RE. Use of food nutrition labels is associated with lower fat intake. J Am Diet Assoc.1999;99(1):45–53.
5
Besler HT, Buyuktuncer Z, and Uyar MF. Consumer understanding and use of food and nutrition labeling in Turkey. J Nutr Educ Behav.2012 Nov–Dec;44(6):584–91.
6
Ranilovic J and Baric IC.Differences between younger and older populations in nutrition label reading habits. Br Food J.2011;113(1):109–21.
7
Stran KA and Knol LL. Determinants of food label use differ by sex. J Acad Nutr Diet.2013;113(5):673–79.
8
Satia JA, Galanko JA, and Neuhouser ML. Food nutrition label use is associated with demographic, behavioral, and psychological factors and dietary intake among African Americans in North Carolina. J Am Diet Assoc.2005;105(3):392–402.
9
Byrd-Bredbenner C, Alfieri L, and Kiefer L. The nutrition label knowledge and usage behaviours of women in the US. Br Nutr Found Nutr Bull.2000;25:315–22.
10
Lin CJ, Lee J, and Yen ST. Do dietary intakes affect search for nutrition information on food labels?Soc Sci Med.2004;59:1955–67.
11
Shine A, O’Reilly S, and O’Sullivan K. Consumer attitudes to nutrition labelling. Br Food J.1997;99(8):283–89.
12
Grunert KG, Wills JM, and Fernandez-Celemin L. Nutrition knowledge, and use and understanding of nutrition information on food labels among consumers in the UK. Appetite. 2010 Oct;55(2):177–89.
13
Levy AS and Fein SB. Consumers’ ability to perform tasks using nutrition labels. J Nutr Educ.1998;30(4):210–17.
14
Hager MH, Geiger C, Hill LJ, Martin C, Weiner S, and Chianchiano D. Usefulness of nutrition facts label for persons with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr.2009;19(3):204–10.
15
Rothman RL, Housam R, Weiss H, Davis D, Gregory R, and Gebretsadik T, et al.Patient understanding of food labels: The role of literacy and numeracy. Am J Prev Med.2006;31(5):391–98.
16
Vanderlee L, Goodman S, Sae Yang W, and Hammond D. Consumer understanding of calorie amounts and serving size: implications for nutritional labelling. Can J Public Health. 2012;103(5):e327–31.
17
Campos S, Doxey J, and Hammond D. Nutrition labels on pre-packaged foods: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr.2011 Aug;14(8):1496–506.
18
Hieke S and Taylor CR. A critical review of the literature on nutritional labeling. J Consumer Aff. 2012 Sept;46(1):120–56.
19
Graham DJ, Orquin JL, and Visschers VHM. Eye tracking and nutrition label use: A review of the literature and recommendations for label enhancement. Food Policy.2012 Aug;37(4):378–82.
20
Bialkova S and van Trijp H. What determines consumer attention to nutrition labels?Food Qual Prefer. 2010 Dec;21(8):1042–51.
21
Bialkova S, Grunert KG, Juhl HJ, Wasowicz-Kirylo G, Stysko-Kunkowska M, and van Trijp HCM. Attention mediates the effect of nutrition label information on consumers’ choice. Evidence from a choice experiment involving eye-tracking. Appetite. 2014 May 1;76:66–75.
22
Bialkova S, Grunert KG, and van Trijp H. Standing out in the crowd: The effect of information clutter on consumer attention for front-of-pack nutrition labels. Food Policy. 2013 Aug;41:65–74.
23
Burton S and Andrews JC. Age, Product nutrition, and label format effects on consumer perceptions and product evaluations. J Consum Aff. 1996;30(1):68–89.
24
Edge MS, Toner C, Kapsak WR, and Geiger CJ. The impact of variations in a fact-based front-of-package nutrition labeling system on consumer comprehension. J Acad Nutr Diet.2014 Jun;114(6):843–854.e8.
25
Ares G, Gimenez A, Bruzzone F, Antunez L, Sapolinski A, and Vidal L, et al.Attentional capture and understanding of nutrition labelling: A study based on response times. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012 Sept;63(6):679–88.
26
van Herpen E, Hieke S, and van Trijp HCM. Inferring product healthfulness from nutrition labelling. The influence of reference points.Appetite. 2014 Jan 1;72:138–49.
27
Higginson CS, Rayner MF, Draper S, and Kirk TR. How do consumers use nutrition label information?Nutr Food Sci.2002;32(4):145–52.
28
Higginson CS, Rayner MF, Draper S, and Kirk TR. The nutrition label—which information is looked at?Nutr Food Sci.2002;32(4):145–52.
29
Sullivan AD. Determining how low-income food shoppers perceive, understand, and use food labels. Can J Diet Pract Res.2003;64:25–7.
30
Wahlich C, Gardner B, and McGowan L. How, when and why do young women use nutrition information on food labels? A qualitative analysis. Psychol Health. 2013;28(2):202–16.
31
Maubach N and Hoek J. A qualitative study of New Zealand parents’ views on front-of-pack nutrition labels. Nutr Diet.2010 Jun;67(2):90–6.
32
Lincoln Y, Guba E. Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1985.
33
Pope C, Ziebland S, and Mays N. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ. 2000;320(7227):114–16.
34
Ritchie J, Spencer L. Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In: Bryman A, Burgess RG, editors. Analyzing qualitative data. London: Routledge; 1994. p. 173–94.
35
Qualitative Research Guidelines Project. Lincoln and Guba’s evaluative criteria [Internet]. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2008 [cited 2015 Nov 23]. Available from: http://www.qualres.org/HomeLinc-3684.html.
36
Lewis J. Food label use and awareness of nutritional information and recommendations among persons with chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr.2009;90(5):1351–57.
37
Hobin E, Shen-Tu G, Sacco J, White C, Bowman C, and Sheeshka J, et al.Comprehension and use of nutrition facts tables among adolescents and young adults in Canada. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2016;77(2):59–65.
38
Roberto CA, Bragg MA, Seamans MJ, Mechulan RL, Novak N, and Brownell KD. Evaluation of consumer understanding of different front-of-package nutrition labels, 2010–2011. Prev Chronic Dis.2012;9:E149.
39
Miller LMS and Cassady DL. Making healthy food choices using nutrition facts panels. The roles of knowledge, motivation, dietary modifications goals, and age. Appetite. 2012;59(1):129–39.
40
Aschemann-Witzel J, Grunert KG, van Trijp HCM, Bialkova S, Raats MM, and Hodgkins C, et al.Effects of nutrition label format and product assortment on the healthfulness of food choice. Appetite. 2013;71:63–74.
41
Cook LA, Burton S, and Howlett E. Health risk factors and their effect on consumers’ use of nutrition facts panels. J Consum Aff.2011;45(3):516–27.
42
Lando AM and Lo SC. Single-larger-portion-size and dual-column nutrition labeling may help consumers make more healthful food choices. J Acad Nutr Diet.2013;113(2):241–50.
43
Government of Canada. Consulting Canadians to modernize and improve food labels. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada; 2014.
44
Dallas SK, Liu PJ, and Ubel PA.Potential problems with increasing serving sizes on the nutrition facts label. Appetite. 2015;95:577–84.
45
Hieke S and Wilczynski P. Colour me in—an empirical study on consumer responses to the traffic light signposting system in nutrition labelling. Public Health Nutr.2012;15(5):773–82.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 78Number 2June 2017
Pages: 53 - 58

History

Version of record online: 1 February 2017

Authors

Affiliations

Steven Dukeshire PhD
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Business and Social Sciences, Dalhousie University Truro, NS
Emily Nicks BSc, BEd
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Business and Social Sciences, Dalhousie University Truro, NS

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

1. Use of Nutrition Information and Understanding of “Percent Daily Value” on Nutrition Facts Tables: Evaluating the Impact of a National Public Education Campaign among Youth and Young Adults in Canada

View Options

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media