Changes in Energy Metabolism from Prepregnancy to Postpartum: A Case Report

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
16 July 2018

Abstract

Purpose: Energy metabolism is at the core of maintaining healthy body weights. Likewise, the assessment of energy needs is essential for providing adequate dietary advice. We explored differences in energy metabolism of a primigravid woman (age: 30 years) at 1 month prepregnancy (“baseline”), during pregnancy (33 weeks), and at 3 and 9 months postpartum. Measured versus estimated energy expenditure were compared using equations commonly used in clinical practice.
Methods: Energy metabolism was measured using a state-of-the-art whole body calorimetry unit (WBCU). Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), energy intake (3-day food records), physical activity (Baecke questionnaire), and breastmilk volume/breastfeeding energy expenditure (24-hours of infant test–retest weighing) were assessed.
Results: This case report is the first to assess energy expenditure in 3 different stages of a woman’s life (prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum) using WBCU. We noticed that weight and energy needs returned to prepregnancy values at 9 months postpartum, although a pattern of altered body composition emerged (higher fat/lean ratio) without changes in physical activity and energy intake. For this woman, current recommendations for energy overestimated actual needs by 350 kcal/day (9 months postpartum).
Conclusion: It is likely that more accurate approaches are needed to estimate energy needs during and postpregnancy, with targeted interventions to optimize body composition.

Résumé

Objectif. Le métabolisme énergétique est un élément fondamental du maintien d’un poids corporel sain. De même, l’évaluation des besoins énergétiques est essentielle à la formulation de conseils nutritionnels adéquats. Nous avons étudié les différences sur le plan du métabolisme énergétique chez une femme primigeste âgée de 30 ans un mois avant la grossesse (situation de départ), durant la grossesse (33 semaines), ainsi que trois et neuf mois post-partum. Nous avons comparé les dépenses énergétiques mesurées aux dépenses énergétiques estimées à l’aide d’équations couramment utilisées dans la pratique clinique.
Méthodes. L’utilisation d’une chambre calorimétrique de pointe a permis de mesurer le métabolisme énergétique. La composition corporelle (absorptiométrie à rayons X en double énergie), l’apport énergétique (journal alimentaire sur trois jours), l’activité physique (questionnaire de Baecke) et le volume de lait maternel/la dépense énergétique associée à l’allaitement (pesée en mode test-retest du nourrisson sur une période de 24 heures) ont été évalués.
Résultats. Cet exposé de cas est le premier à avoir utilisé une chambre calorimétrique pour évaluer les dépenses énergétiques d’une femme à trois périodes différentes de sa vie (avant la grossesse, pendant la grossesse, post-partum). Nous avons remarqué que le poids et les besoins énergétiques sont revenus aux valeurs d’avant la grossesse neuf mois après le début de la période post-partum, bien qu’un profil de composition corporelle modifiée se soit dessiné (ratio masse grasse/masse maigre plus élevé), et ce, sans aucun changement au niveau d’activité physique et à l’apport énergétique. Dans le cas de cette femme, les recommandations énergétiques actuelles dépassaient les besoins réels de 350 kcal/jour (neuf mois après le début de la période post-partum).
Conclusions. Il est probable que des approches plus précises soient nécessaires pour estimer les besoins énergétiques durant et après la grossesse, de pair avec des interventions ciblées visant à optimiser la composition corporelle.

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Financial support: This work was supported by the Alberta Innovates Health Solutions (AIHS) Collaborative Research and Innovation Opportunity team grant; CMP is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) New Investigator Salary Award and the Campus Alberta Research Chair Program; SAE was supported by an AIHS postdoctoral fellowship; and LCRP is supported by a Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 79Number 4December 2018
Pages: 191 - 195

History

Version of record online: 16 July 2018

Authors

Affiliations

Leticia C.R. Pereira MSc
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 2-111 Li KaShing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
Sarah A. Elliott PhD
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 2-111 Li KaShing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
Linda J. McCargar PhD, RD
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 2-111 Li KaShing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
Rhonda C. Bell PhD
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126B Li KaShing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
Carla M. Prado PhD, RD
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Division of Human Nutrition, 2-021E Li KaShing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB

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