Snacking Patterns of Preschool-Aged Children: Opportunity for Improvement

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
11 August 2017

Abstract

Purpose: Dietary patterns established in childhood track into adulthood. Despite this, little research has explored preschoolers’ snacking. This study examined snacking patterns (frequency, quality, quantity) of preschool-aged boys and girls.
Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected on 52 children (23 males; 3.4 ± 1.1 years of age; BMI 16.1 ± 1.4 kg/m2) enrolled in the Guelph Family Health Study pilot. Parent-reported 3-day food records were analyzed for children’s snacking patterns including frequency (number of snacking occasions per day), quantity (percent energy from snacks) and quality (inclusion of food groups from Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide, macronutrient distribution, sugary and salty snacks). Mann–Whitney U tests examined sex differences in snacking patterns.
Results: Ninety-six percent of children snacked daily, consuming a mean of 2.3 ± 0.7 snacks per day. Snacks accounted for one-third of daily energy. 78% of boys’ versus 63% of girls’ snacks contained a food group (P = 0.016). Boys consumed significantly fewer sugary snacks (0.5 ± 0.4 vs 0.9 ± 0.6 snacks per day, P = 0.016), although the percent of snack calories from sugar for both boys and girls was high (group mean 37.2 ± 6.7%).
Conclusions: Nearly all preschoolers in this study snacked daily, and consumed a variety of snack foods. Boys’ and girls’ snacking preferences begin to diverge early in life. Preschool children should be encouraged to consume healthful snacks.

Résumé

Objectif : Les habitudes alimentaires établies au cours de l’enfance se maintiennent jusqu’à l’âge adulte. Malgré cela, peu de recherches ont examiné les habitudes en matière de collations des enfants d’âge préscolaire. La présente étude a exploré les habitudes en matière de collations (fréquence, qualité, quantité) de garçons et de filles d’âge préscolaire.
Méthodes : Des données transversales ont été recueillies auprès de 52 enfants (23 garçons; 3,4 ± 1,1 ans; IMC de 16,1 ± 1,4 kg/m2) inscrits au projet pilote de l’étude sur la santé familiale de Guelph. Les journaux alimentaires de 3 jours soumis par les parents ont été analysés afin de déterminer les habitudes des enfants en matière de collations, notamment la fréquence (nombre de collations par jour), la quantité (pourcentage d’énergie tiré des collations) et la qualité (inclusion de groupes alimentaires du Guide alimentaire canadien, distribution des macronutriments, collations sucrées et salées). Des tests U de Mann-Whitney ont été utilisés pour examiner les différences dans les habitudes de collations selon le sexe.
Résultats : Globalement, 96 % des enfants collationnaient chaque jour, consommant en moyenne 2,3 ± 0,7 collations par jour. Les collations fournissaient un tiers de l’énergie quotidienne. En tout, 78 % des collations des garçons comprenaient un groupe alimentaire, contre 63 % chez les filles (P = 0,016). Quoique le pourcentage de calories provenant de sucre fût élevé dans les collations des garçons et des filles (moyenne du groupe de 37,2 ± 6,7 %), les garçons consommaient significativement moins de collations sucrées (0,5 ± 0,4 vs 0,9 ± 0,6 collation par jour, P =0,016).
Conclusions : Presque tous les enfants d’âge préscolaire ayant participé à cette étude prenaient des collations tous les jours et consommaient divers aliments lors de ces collations. Les préférences en matière de collations des garçons et des filles commencent à diverger tôt pendant l’enfance. Il faudrait encourager les enfants d’âge préscolaire à consommer des collations saines.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Financial support: This study was funded through the Health for Life Initiative at the University of Guelph.
Conflicts of interest: The authors report no known conflicts of interest.

References

1
Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada. Child obesity; 2015 [cited 2015 Oct 15]. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/hl-mvs/framework-cadre/2011/index-eng.php.
2
World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight; 2015 [cited 2015 Oct 15]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.
3
Piernas C and Popkin BM. Trends in snacking among U.S. children. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(3):398–404.
4
O’Connor L, Brage S, Griffin SJ, Wareham NJ, and Forouhi NG. The cross-sectional association between snacking behaviour and measures of adiposity: the Fenland Study, UK. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(8):1286–93.
5
Bellisle F. Meals and snacking, diet quality and energy balance. Physiol Behav. 2014;134:38–43.
6
Davison KK, Blake CE, Blaine RE, Younginer NA, Orloski A, Hamtil HA, et al. Parenting around child snacking: development of a theoretically-guided, empirically informed conceptual model. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12(1):109.
7
Gevers DWM, Kremers SPJ, de Vries NK, and van Assema P. Patterns of food parenting practices and children’s intake of energy-dense snack foods. Nutrients. 2015;7(6):4093–106.
8
Demory-Luce D, Morales M, Nicklas T, Baranowski T, Zakeri I, and Berenson G. Changes in food group consumption patterns from childhood to young adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(11):1684–91.
9
Birch LL, Johnson SL, and Fisher JA. Children’s eating: the development of food-acceptance patterns. Young Child. 1995;50:71–8.
10
Health Canada. Eating well with Canada’s food guide. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada; 2011.
11
World Health Organization. Child growth standards; 2011 [cited 2016 Jul 20]. Available from: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/.
12
Wang D, Van der Horst K, Jacquier E, and Eldridge AL. Snacking among US children: patterns differ by time of day distribution of snacking. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2016;48(6):369–75.e1.
13
Health Canada. Dietary reference intakes. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada; 2005.
14
van Kleef E, Bruggers I, and de Vet E. Encouraging vegetable intake as a snack among children: the influence of portion and unit size. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(15):2736–41.
15
Branscum P and Sharma M. Comparing the utility of the theory of planned behaviour between boys and girls for predicting snack food consumption: implications for practice. Health Promot Pract. 2014;15(1):134–40.
16
Endendijk JJ, Groeneveld MG, Bakermans-kranenburg MJ, and Mesman J. Gender-differentiated parenting revisited: meta-analysis reveals very few differences in parental control of boys and girls. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):1–34.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 79Number 1March 2018
Pages: 2 - 6

History

Version of record online: 11 August 2017

Authors

Affiliations

Joy M. Hutchinson BASc
Department Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
Jessica C. Watterworth BASc
Department Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
Jess Haines RD, PhD
Department Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
Alison M. Duncan RD, PhD
Department Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
Julia A. Mirotta MSc
Department Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
David W.L. Ma PhD
Department Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
Andrea C. Buchholz RD, PhD
Department Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
Guelph Family Health Study

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cite As

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

1. Temporal snacking patterns among Canadian children and adolescents
2. Food and Nutrient Intakes of Nova Scotian Children in Home and Childcare Environments

View Options

Login options

Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Subscribe

Click on the button below to subscribe to Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research

Purchase options

Purchase this article to get full access to it.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Media

Other

Tables

Share Options

Share

Share the article link

Share on social media