How Many Participants Are Needed? Strategies for Calculating Sample Size in Nutrition Research

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
6 December 2024

Abstract

Sample size estimation is a critical aspect of nutrition research methodology, yet it remains frequently overlooked, leading to underpowered studies and potentially inaccurate conclusions. This review addresses this gap by providing comprehensive guidance on how to calculate sample size in nutrition research. Emphasizing the importance of an a priori sample size calculation, the review outlines the key considerations, including the desired levels of significance and power, effect size estimation, and standard deviation assessment. Formulas for determining sample size for various comparisons, including two proportions, two means, three or more groups, and unevenly sized groups, are provided, along with strategies for addressing loss to follow-up. Hypothetical examples illustrate these formulas’ application across different research scenarios, highlighting their practical value in ensuring study robustness. Additionally, the review discusses common pitfalls in sample size estimation, such as misjudging effect size or standard deviation, and emphasizes the need for transparent reporting of sample size calculations to enable accurate interpretation of study findings. This article is a resource for nutrition researchers, offering guidance on conducting appropriate sample size calculations to bolster methodological rigor and study reliability. By embracing the principles outlined herein, researchers can elevate the quality of nutrition research.

Résumé

L’estimation de la taille de l’échantillon est un aspect critique de la méthodologie de la recherche en nutrition. Pourtant, elle est souvent négligée, ce qui mène à des études peu puissantes et à des conclusions potentiellement inexactes. Cette revue se penche sur cette lacune en expliquant de manière exhaustive comment calculer la taille de l’échantillon dans la recherche en nutrition. Soulignant l’importance d’un calcul a priori de la taille de l’échantillon, la revue décrit les considérations clés, y compris les niveaux souhaités de signification et de puissance, l’estimation de la taille de l’effet et l’évaluation de l’écart-type. De plus, des formules permettant de déterminer la taille de l’échantillon aux fins de diverses comparaisons, notamment deux proportions, deux moyennes, trois groupes ou plus et des groupes de taille inégale, sont fournies, ainsi que des stratégies pour gérer la perte de suivi. Des exemples hypothétiques illustrent l’application de ces formules dans différents scénarios de recherche, soulignant leur valeur pratique pour assurer la robustesse des études. De plus, la revue aborde les pièges courants de l’estimation de la taille de l’échantillon, tels que l’évaluation erronée de la taille de l’effet ou de l’écart-type, et souligne la nécessité d’une déclaration transparente des calculs de la taille de l’échantillon pour permettre une interprétation précise des résultats des études. Cet article est une ressource pour les chercheurs en nutrition et explique comment calculer la taille de l’échantillon en vue d’améliorer la rigueur méthodologique et la fiabilité des études. En adoptant les principes décrits, les chercheurs peuvent améliorer la qualité de la recherche en nutrition.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
e-First
Pages: 1 - 5
Editor: Naomi Cahill

History

Version of record online: 6 December 2024

Key Words

  1. Sample size
  2. power calculation
  3. effect size
  4. statistics
  5. ethics
  6. hypothesis
  7. significance
  8. primary outcome
  9. nutrition

Mots-clés

  1. Taille de l’échantillon
  2. calcul de puissance
  3. taille de l’effet
  4. statistiques
  5. éthique
  6. hypothèse
  7. signification
  8. résultat principal
  9. nutrition

Authors

Affiliations

Jamie A. Seabrook PhD
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON
Brescia School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Western University, London, ON
Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON
Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON

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