Validity and Reproducibility of a Semi-Quantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire Designed to Measure the Nutrient Intakes of Canadian South Asian Infants at 12 Months of Age

Publication: Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
4 June 2020

Abstract

Purpose: Validated methods to assess diet of non-European infants are sparse. We assessed the validity and reliability of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for South Asian infants in Canada.
Methods: We developed an 80-item FFQ to assess infant nutrient intake in the South Asian Birth Cohort study (START). Caregivers completed the FFQ twice along with two 24-hour diet recalls. We measured infant plasma ferritin to cross-validate reported iron intake. We evaluated validity using Spearman’s rho (ρ), and reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient.
Results: Seventy-six caregivers provided 2 FFQs and 2 24-hour diet recalls. Energy-adjusted, de-attenuated correlations between the FFQs and 24-hour diet recalls ranged from −0.29 (monounsaturated fat) through 1.00 (cholesterol). The FFQ overestimated energy intake by 128%. Iron intake by 24-hour diet recalls correlated with plasma ferritin (r = 0.41; P = 0.01; n = 37), but iron intake by FFQ did not. The average reproducibility coefficient of the FFQ ranged from 0.24 (macronutrients) to 0.65 (minerals).
Conclusions: Among South Asian infants living in Canada, at least 2 days of diet recall completed with the primary caregiver yields more valid and reproducible estimates of nutrient intakes than a semi-quantitative FFQ, and it highlights that careful selection of FFQ portion sizes is important for assessing dietary intake with an FFQ.

Résumé

Objectif. Les méthodes validées pour évaluer l’alimentation des nourrissons non européens sont rares. Nous avons évalué la validité et la fiabilité d’un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire (QFA) semi-quantitatif conçu pour des nourrissons canadiens d’origine sud-asiatique.
Méthodes. Nous avons élaboré un QFA de 80 points pour évaluer l’apport en nutriments de nourrissons de la South Asian Birth Cohort (START). Des fournisseurs de soins ont rempli le QFA à deux reprises, et il y a eu de multiples rappels de 24 heures. Nous avons mesuré le taux de ferritine plasmatique chez les nourrissons afin d’effectuer une validation croisée de l’apport en fer rapporté. Pour évaluer la validité et la fiabilité, nous avons utilisé le coefficient de corrélation des rangs de Spearman (ρ) et le coefficient de corrélation intraclasse, respectivement.
Résultats. Soixante-seize fournisseurs de soins ont fourni 2 QFA et 2 rappels alimentaires. Les corrélations désatténuées, ajustées en fonction de l’énergie, entre les QFA et les rappels alimentaires de 24 heures allaient de −0,29 (gras mono-insaturés) à 1,00 (cholestérol). Les QFA avaient surestimé l’apport énergétique de 128 %. L’apport en fer évalué au moyen des rappels alimentaires de 24 heures pouvait être corrélé avec le taux de ferritine plasmatique (r = 0,41; P = 0,01; n = 37), mais pas l’apport en fer déterminé à l’aide des QFA. Le coefficient de reproductibilité moyen des QFA oscillait entre 0,24 (macronutriments) et 0,65 (minéraux).
Conclusions. Chez les nourrissons d’origine sud-asiatique vivant au Canada, au moins 2 jours de rappels alimentaires remplis par le principal fournisseur de soins génèrent des estimations plus valides et reproductibles des apports en nutriments qu’un QFA semi-quantitatif. Les résultats démontrent également qu’il est important de bien choisir la taille des portions du QFA si l’on souhaite évaluer l’apport alimentaire au moyen de cet outil.

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Sources of support: The validation sub-study was funded by a grant to Drs. de Souza and Anand from the Canadian Foundation for Dietetic Research (CFDR). The South Asian Birth Cohort study (START-Canada) is funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#227851), and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario (NA 7283). Dr. Anand holds a Canada Research Chair in Ethnic Diversity and Cardiovascular disease, and the Michael G. DeGroote and Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario Chair in Population Health, McMaster University.
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest for this work.

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cover image Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
Volume 81Number 4December 2020
Pages: 170 - 178

History

Version of record online: 4 June 2020

Authors

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Russell J. De Souza ScD
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON
Natalie C. Williams MLIS
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
Loshana Sockalingam MSc
Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON
Medical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON
Gita Wahi MD
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
Dipika Desai MSc
Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON
Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON
Mahshid Dehghan PhD
Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON
Karleen M. Schulze MMath
Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
Milan Gupta MD
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton, ON
Sonia S. Anand MD
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON

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